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Norwegian Flag during World War II

Norwegian Flag
Nortaship

See also:

Norwegian Flag

Occupied Norway kept the flag. However, use of the flag was restricted by the Quisling government in an attempt to restrict its use for nationalist - that is, anti-nazi and anti-German - purposes.
Jan Oskar Engene, 11 April 1996

The government in exile, the legitimate and constitutional government, used the usual Norwegian flags and ensigns. At the outbreak of the war, Norway had the fourth largest merchant fleet in the world (after the UK, USA and Japan). In late April 1940 the Allies demanded that the fleet (most of it outside Norwegian waters and so not controlled by Germany) be transferred to Allied flag. The Norwegian government, still in Norway, resisted this, but took over the right to manage and use all vessels so that they could be used to secure supplies and advance the war operations of Norway and the Allied powers (40% of the fleet was sailing for the allies already, under an agreement from September 1939). Norwegian vessels sailed mostly in trans-Atlantic convoys during the war, under Norwegian flag.

Most of the Norwegian merchant fleet was under the control of the government based in London. Those ships remaining in Norway probably just sailed in coastal waters. A ship under Norwegian flag anywhere else in the world would be considered an Allied ship. If it hadn't, using false colours would not succeed.

Actually the government in exile (and the resistance movement at home, but they were not able to display emblems openly) competed with the Quisling government over the official national symbols. The government in exile in London used the national flag and the coat of arms it took with it from home. It succeeded in bringing with it the State Seal stamp, so that the nazis had to make a new ('fake') one. The Quisling government used the same national symbols along side its party symbols. Because the flag was used for patriotic purposes (that is anti-occupation and anti-nazi purposes) in circumstances the nazis could not control, a flag law restricting public use of the flag was introduced 8 December 1941.

Here are the first lines of one of the most famous poems referring to the flag of Norway (or rather its absence):

Now stands the flagpole bare
Behind Eidsvoll's budding trees,
But in such an hour as this,
We know what freedom is.

The title of the poem is '17. May 1940'. It was read on radio by the poet Nordahl Grieg and transmitted from Tromsoe, a town in Northern Norway that was still not taken by nazi-Germany. The poem is stuffed with national symbols: The (missing) flag, the building at Eidsvoll where the constitution was adopted 17 May 1814, and the budding trees as symbols of a young nation.
Jan Oskar Engene, 16 May 1997

Nortaship

by Zeljko Heimer

I read an interesting story about Norwegian flag during WWII used by merchant fleet that remained loyal to the king in exile in London. An accomanpying photo show the flag - ususual for Norawy - a swallow tailed (but without the tongue!) Norwegian flag with a golden anchor in canton. (The anchor is different in some minor details, and the top part of it is not visible on photo)

I give some extracts from the text, issued in article "Last of a Valiant Breed" in "Norway Now" Nytt fra Norge's fortinightly review no. 10 - Ultimo May 1999, Oslo, page 12.

When the Germans invaded Norway in 1940, Norwegian authorities in exile in London established Nortraship (The Norwegian Shipping and Trade Mission) in order to control the 806 Norwegian vessels which at the time of the German invasion were outside Norwegian waters. This fleet totalled 4 million gross tonnes: 36,000 Norwegian seamen manned the vessels, running the gauntlet of German warships and submarines and constantly risking their lives to bring vital supplies from the USA to free Europe and the former USSR. Nortraship operated mainly out of London and New York. At the end of the war, it was disbanded and the vessels returned to their owners: the undertaking had made a handsome profit of 110 million pounds sterling.
Not until 1969 did they [the veteran seamen] establish their first local association and the umbrella organization, the Norwegian War Veterans' Merchant Navy [Norges Krigsseilerforbund], followed in 1970. [The association shall be disbanded in year 2000.]
Linn Ryne

The caption of the photo says:

On the wall behind them is the split flag of the Nortraship fleet.

I hope this is of interest - if finally anwsers the question posed several times here - how was the Norwegian flag used by "royalists" (if I may call them that) different from the one used by the Quisling fleet. I guess the Norwegian merchant fleet (Quisling) used the "normal" Norwegian merchant flag (rectangual 8:11), while London operated fleet used the swallow-tailed flag w/anchor. I would appreciate some kind of confirmation of this story.
Zeljko Heimer, 4 June 1999

The article raises several interesting points and I will try to comment on some of them, though provisionally.

One first point concerns the question of which flags were used by the rival Norwegian governments during World War II, the government in exile in London and the quisling government in occupied Norway. I have previously maintained that both governments used the long established Norwegian flags even at sea. I still think this was the case and there are several reasons for this.

First of all, I have been unable to locate any official document from either side that specifies changes to the flags of Norway. A change of flags on either side would have required some official action. As far as I can see, no such action can be documented.

Further, it would not seem natural for the government in exile to institute changes to the flags of Norway. The government in exile represented continuity from pre-war Norway and argued that it was the constitutional and legitimate government of Norway - which it indeed was. To institute changes to the flag would have left the Quislings back home with the unaltered flags, giving them an easy symbolic victory over the government in exile.

Finally, photographs from the time show the government in exile using the swallow-tailed and tongued flag, this includes the armed forces in allied countries. As far as I can see, the photographs all show Norwegian civilian ships flying the plain rectangular civil ensign. In Norway itself, the use of the rectangular flag certainly continued on land, and as far as I can see from the photographs, also at sea. We should also here remember that some larger vessels that were in Norwegian waters at the time of the occupation, were transferred to German control and probably also re-flagged to German ensign.

Then to the second main point: The status of the flag Zeljko described. Could the swallow-tailed (two tongued) ensign with the anchor in the canton not have been the state ensign used by the ships operated by the government in exile? As is clear from what I wrote above, I do not think so.

There is, as far as I know, no document establishing such an ensign. Such official documentation is to be expected, because Norwegian vessels were required by law to fly the civil ensign of Norway. If the government in exile decided they had to fly a different ensign, they had to legally establish it. This would also have had to be communicated to foreign authorities, in particular to the allies, so that the new ensign would be recognized. I cannot find that the government in exile did this. Naturally, I am grateful for any documentation to the contrary.

Further, if we - for the sake of the argument - assume that the government in exile did institute a new ensign for Nortraship vessels, why would it totally disregard the established Norwegian flag tradition by inventing a completely new pattern with only the swallow-tail and not the tongue? This is also a factor that makes me inclined to believe that the ensign with the swallow- tail and anchor was not an officially established national ensign.

So, what was the status of the swallow-tail flag with the anchor? I can see two possibilities: Either that it was the Nortraship house flag or that the flag in the photo Zeljko referred to was a privately made flag erroneously attributed to the Nortraship fleet in the newspaper articled in question. At the moment, I find the first possibility most likely.

Nortraship was established by government initiative on the basis of a Royal Resolution of 22 April 1940 in which the government asserted the right of disposal to the Norwegian merchant fleet. The original owners retained ownership rights, and it was ship owners that organized Nortraship and were in charge of managing the company. In light of the semi-official nature of the company, and the national importance of its business, it would not seem un-natural for the company to fly a house flag resembling the Norwegian state and war ensign but not identical to it. Jan Oskar Engene, 06 June 1999

I spoke with the Bergen Maritime Museum and was told the swallowtailed Norwegian flag with the gold anchor in canton was indeed the house flag of the Nortraship company.

It seems this flag flew mainly from the offices on land (headquarters were in London and New York, but I also found a photo from Bombay showing the flag). As sign of nationality, Nortraship vessels flew the Norwegian civil ensign.
Jan Oskar Engene, 15 August 1999