12,000,000 (1989). 4 provinces. Information mainly from Wurm and Hattori 1981, SIL. Data accuracy estimate: A2, B. The number of languages listed for Indonesia, Sulawesi is 114.
ANDIO (MASAMA, ANDIO'O, IMBAO'O, "BOBONGKO") [BZB] 1,700 (1991 R. Busenitz SIL). Central Sulawesi, Banggi District, Lamala Subdistrict, eastern peninsula, Taugi and Tangeban villages. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, Eastern. The name "Bobongko" is derogatory. 'Masama' is the prefered local name. Related to Balantak, Saluan. Muslim.
ARALLE-TABULAHAN [ATQ] 12,000 (1984 SIL). South Sulawesi, Mambi Subdistrict, between Mandar and Kalumpang. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu. Dialects: ARALLE, TABULAHAN, MAMBI. Aralle has 84% to 89% lexical similarity with other dialects listed. Intelligibility testing needed among the dialects. Lexical similarity 75% to 80% with dialects of Pitu Ulunna Salu, Pannei, Ulumandak. Christian, Muslim. Work in progress.
BADA (TI'ARA, BADA', TOBADA') [BHZ] 10,000 (1991 R. Hanna SIL). South central portion of central Sulawesi, in 14 villages of Lore Selatan Subdistrict, two mixed villages of Pamona Selatan Subdistrict, four mixed villages of Poso Pesisir Subdistrict, part of Lemusa village in Parigi Subdistrict, and Ampibabo Subdistrict. Ako village is in northern Mamuju District, Pasangkayu Subdistrict. 23 villages or parts of villages. Members of the ethnic group in south Sulawesi, headwaters of the Budong-Budong River in Budong-Budong Subdistrict, Mamuju District no longer speak the language. One speaker spoke some, with influences from other languages. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Kaili-Pamona, Pamona. Dialects: BADA, AKO. Bada and Besoa have 85% lexical similarity; Besoa and Napu 91%; Bada and Napu 80%. The three are geographically, politically, culturally, and lexically distinct. The Hanggira dialect is no longer distinguished from Bada. Speakers use Indonesian as second language with varying proficiency, but speak Bada in the home and at work. Access by small plane or possibly road with 4 wheel drive. Agriculturalists: rice. Altitude: 2,500 feet. Christian over, Muslim.
BAHONSUAI [BSU] 200 (1991 D. Mead SIL). Central Sulawesi, Bungku Tengah Subdistrict, Bahonsuai village on the east coast. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Bungku-Mori-Tolaki, Mori. 71% lexical similarity with Tomadino, 68% with Mori Atas, Mori Bawah, and Padoe. Coastal. Muslim. Survey needed.
BAJAU, INDONESIAN (BADJAW, BADJO, BAJO, BAJAO, BAYO, GAJ, LUAAN, LUTAOS, LUTAYAOS, SAMA, ORANG LAUT, TURIJE'NE') [BDL] 50,000 in all countries (1977 Pallesen SIL); 25,000 in central Sulawesi (1979 Barr); 8,000 to 10,000 in south Sulawesi (1983 C. Grimes SIL); 5,000 or more in north Maluku (1982 C. Grimes SIL); several thousand in Nusa Tenggara (1981 Wurm and Hattori). In south Sulawesi in Selayar, Bone, and Pangkep districts. On the east coast of southeast Sulawesi on Wowonii, Muna, northern Buton, Kabaena, and northern Tukangbesi islands. Widely distributed throughout Sulawesi, north Maluku (Bacan, Obi, Kayoa, and Sula Islands), Kalimantan, and the islands of the East Sunda Sea. Other Bajau languages are in Sabah, Malaysia, and the southern Philippines. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sama-Bajaw, Sulu-Borneo, Borneo Coast Bajaw. Dialects: JAMPEA, SAME', MATALAANG, SULAMU, KAJOA, ROTI, JAYA BAKTI, POSO, TONGIAN 1, TONGIAN 2, WALLACE. Known as Bayo and Turijene in the language of Macassar. Known as Bajo in Buginese. It may include several languages. Vigorous language use in north Maluku. There are schools in some villages. They live in houses on stilts over water. Access by sea. Coastal inlets, islands, reefs, sand bars. Seamen. Muslim, traditional religion.
BALAESAN (BALAESANG, BALAISANG, PAJO) [BLS] 4,000 (1979 Barr). Central Sulawesi, Balaesang Subdistrict, 5 villages on the Manimbayu Peninsula. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Balaesan. Not closely related to other languages. Muslim. Survey needed.
BALANTAK (KOSIAN) [BLZ] 25,000 (1991 Busenitz SIL). East central Sulawesi; Banggai District, Luwuk, Balantak, Tinangkung, and Lamala subdistricts, eastern peninsula; 49 villages or parts of villages. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, Eastern. Related to Andio, Saluan. Muslim, Christian, traditional religion. Bible portions 1991. Work in progress.
BAMBAM (PITU-ULUNNA-SALU, PITU ULUNA BINANGA) [PTU] 22,000 (1988 SIL). South Sulawesi, watershed of the Maloso and Mapilli rivers in Mambi Subdistrict of western Polmas District, overlapping into Majene and Mamuju districts. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu. Dialects: BUMAL, BAMBAM (BAMBANG, BAMBAN, BAMBANG HULU), MEHALA'AN-EASTERN RANTEBULAHAN, WEST RANTEBULAHAN (RANTEBULAWAN), PATTAE (GALUNG), MATANGNGA, ISSILITA', SALU MUKANAM, PAKKAU. Access by foot, horse, or car. Vigorous language use. Complex dialect chain. Bumal has 83% to 94% lexical similarity with all dialects listed, 85% to 80% lexical similarity with dialects of Aralle-Tabulahan, Pannei, and Ulumandak. Grammar. Mountains, river valleys. Agriculturalists: wet rice, coffee. Christian (north), Muslim (south), traditional religion. Bible portions 1994-1995. Work in progress.
BANGGAI (AKI) [BGZ] 100,000 (1995 SIL). Central Sulawesi; Banggai, Liang, Bulagi, Buko, Totikum, Tinangkum, Labobo Bangkurung subdistricts; Banggai Islands off the eastern peninsula; 157 villages or parts of villages. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, Banggai. Dialects: EAST BANGGAI, WEST BANGGAI. Dictionary. Grammar. Muslim, Christian. NT 1993.
BANTIK [BNQ] 11,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Northeast section of the northern peninsula of Sulawesi; three villages, within Manado city limits. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Sangir-Minahasan, Sangiric. Christian. Survey needed.
BARAS (ENDE) [BRS] 250, or 50 households (1987 SIL). South Sulawesi, Mamuju District, south Pasangkayu and north Budong-Budong subdistricts, a few villages, mainly in Desa Baras, between the Lariang and Budong-Budong rivers. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Kaili-Pamona, Kaili. Access by sea and road. 84% lexical similarity with Da'a, 85% with Inde, 80% or more with other Kaili varieties, 64% with Uma. Some think the language will die out. Muslim. Survey needed.
BENTONG (DENTONG) [BNU] 25,000 (1987 SIL). South Sulawesi, northwest corner of the southern tip of the peninsula; inland parts of Maros, Bone, Pangkep, and Barru districts. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Makassar. Closest to Konjo. Muslim over, Christian. Survey needed.
BESOA (BEHOA) [BEP] 3,000 (1991 R. Hanna SIL). Central Sulawesi, Lore Utara Subdistrict, Napu Valley, 8 villages. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Kaili-Pamona, Pamona. Geographically, politically, culturally, and lexically distinct from Bada and Napu. Nearly everyone can speak Indonesian at some level. Access by small plane or 4-wheel drive vehicle. Agriculturalists: rice. Altitude: 3,700 feet. Christian over, Muslim. Work in progress.
BINTAUNA [BNE] 6,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Northeast Sulawesi, around Bintauna. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Mongondow-Gorontalo, Gorontalic. Muslim. Survey needed.
BOLANGO (BULANGA, BULANGA-UKI, DIU) [BLD] 20,000, including 5,000 in Bolango, 15,000 in Atinggola (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Northeastern Sulawesi. Bolango is on the south coast of the peninsula around Molibagu, and Atinggola on the north central coast around Atinggola, between Kaidipang and Gorontalo. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Mongondow-Gorontalo, Gorontalic. Dialects: BOLANGO, ATINGGOLA. Separate language from Gorontalo (J. Little). Muslim. Survey needed.
BOLANO (BOANO, DJIDJA) [BZL] 2,350 (1990 N.P. Himmelmann). Central Sulawesi, Montong Subdistrict, Bolano village, on the south coast. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Tomini. 83% lexical similarity with Tolitoli. Muslim. Survey needed.
BONERATE [BNA] 9,500 (1987 T. Friberg SIL). South Sulawesi, Bonerate, Madu, Kalaotoa, and Karompa islands. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Muna-Buton, Tukangbesi-Bonerate. Dialects: BONERATE, KAROMPA. Access by sea. 79% to 81% lexical similarity with Tukangbesi South, 31% with Kalao, 25% with Laiyolo. Muslim.
BUDONG-BUDONG (TANGKOU, TONGKOU) [TGK] 70 speakers or fewer, 5 households, plus a few individuals (1988). Tongkou village, Mamuju District, Budong-Budong Subdistrict, on the Budong-Budong River. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Seko. 56% lexical similarity with Mamuju and Seko Padang, 61% with Seko Tengah, 72% with Panasuan. Closer to Aralle-Tabulahan and Ulumandak. Some speakers are becoming bilingual in Topoiyo through intermarriage and geographical proximity. Muslim. Survey needed.
BUGIS (BUGINESE, BUGI, BOEGINEESCHE, BOEGINEZEN, UGI, DE', RAPPANG BUGINESE) [BPR] 3,500,000 in all countries, most in Indonesia, some in Sabah, Malaysia (1991 SIL). South Sulawesi, 3.5' to 5' South, other areas of the coastal swamp such as Bulukumba, Luwu, Polewali in Polmas, Pasangkayu in Mamuju districts. On the western coast of southeast Sulawesi in Kolaka, Wundulako, Rumbia, and Poleang districts. Also in major towns of Sulawesi. Large enclaves also in other provinces of Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Maluku, Irian Jaya, and Sumatra. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Bugis. Dialects: BONE (PALAKKA, DUA BOCCOE, MARE), PANGKEP (PANGKAJENE), CAMBA, SIDRAP (SIDENRANG, PINRANG UTARA, ALITTA), PASANGKAYU (UGI RIAWA), SINJAI (ENNA, PALATTAE, BULUKUMBA), SOPPENG (KESSI), WAJO, BARRU (PARE-PARE, NEPO, SOPPENG RIAJA, TOMPO, TANETE), SAWITTO (PINRANG), LUWU (LUWU', BUA PONRANG, WARA, MALANGKE-USSU). Access by road. Vigorous language use. The Bone or Soppeng dialects are central. Bugis Lontara syllabary is still in use. Sawitto, Luwu, Sinjai, and Barru need intelligibility testing with Soppeng (central dialect). Coastal swamp, rolling hills. Agriculturalists: wet rice; famous as seafarers, merchants. Muslim, Christian. Bible 1900, in press (1995). NT 1888. Bible portions 1863-1994.
BUNGKU (NAHINE) [BKZ] 21,500 (1995 SIL), including 100 Routa, 16,400 Bungku, 2,500 Torete, 1,000 Tulambatu, 800 Landawe, 650 Waia (1991 D. Mead SIL). Central Sulawesi, Bungku Utara, Bungku Tengah, and Bungku Selatan subdistricts, along east coast; 45 villages or parts of villages. Also Tulambatu dialect in northern Southeast Sulawesi, Kendari District, Asera, Soropia, and Lasolo subdistricts, where there is difficult access. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Bungku-Mori-Tolaki, Bungku. Dialects: BUNGKU, ROUTA, TULAMBATU, TORETE (TO RETE), LANDAWE, WAIA. Bungku was a language of wider communication before independence. Bungku and Routa have 82% lexical similarity; 81% with Torete, Waia, Tulambatu, and Landawe, 38% with Pamona dialects. Tulambatu has 88% with Landawe, 84% with Waia, 82% wih Torete, 74% wih Wawonii, 66% with Taloki, Kulisusu, and Koroni, 65% with Moronene, 54% with the Mori and Tolaki groups. Torete is not becoming extinct as reported earlier. Muslim.
BUOL (BUAL, BWO'OL, DIA) [BLF] 75,000 (1989). Central Sulawesi; Paleleh, Bunobogu, Bokat, Momunu, Biau, Baolan subdistricts; north coast near the border with north Sulawesi, 68 villages. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Mongondow-Gorontalo, Gorontalic. 61% lexical similarity with Tolitoli. Muslim. Survey needed.
BUSOA [BUP] 500 (1991 René van den Berg SIL). Southeast Sulawesi, Batauga Subdistrict, southwest coast of Buton Island, south of the Katobengke-Topa-Sulaa-Lawela area. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Muna-Buton, Muna. 84% lexical similarity with Kambe-Kambero, 70% to 79% with Muna dialects, 71% with Muna, 76% with Lantoi. Kambe-Kambero shares some innovations with Kaimbulawa, and may not be a Busoa dialect. Muslim. Survey needed.
CAMPALAGIAN (TALLUMPANUAE, TJAMPALAGIAN, TASING) [CML] 30,000 (1986 K. Stromme SIL). South Sulawesi, Majene Kabupaten, Polmas, south coast. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Bugis. Dialects: CAMPALAGIAN, BUKU. Access by road. Vigorous language use. 50% to 58% lexical similarity with Mandar, 50% to 62% with Bugis, 55% with Bugis Bone, 62% with Bugis Pangkajene, Bugis Sidrap. Coastal plain. Merchants, fishermen, agriculturalists. Muslim.
CIA-CIA (SOUTH BUTON, SOUTHERN BUTUNG, BUTON, BUTUNG, BUTONESE, BOETONEEZEN) [CIA] 15,000 (1986 SIL). Southeast Sulawesi, south Buton Island. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Muna-Buton, Buton. Dialects: KAESABU, SAMPOLAWA (MAMBULU-LAPORO), WABULA, MASIRI. 93% lexical similarity with Masiri, 74% with Kambe-Kambero, 69% with Busoa, 67% with Lantoi, 66% with Liabuku, 61% with Wolio, 60% with Muna. Wabula dialect has subdialects Wabula, Burangasi, Wali, Takimpo, Kondowa, Holimombo. "Cia-Cia" is the generally used name, although it is a negative term. Muslim.
DAKKA [DKK] 1,500 (1986 SIL). South Sulawesi, Polewali-Mamasa District, Wonomulyo Subdistrict. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu. 72% to 77% lexical similarity with Pannei and Pitu Ulunna Salu. Muslim. Survey needed.
DAMPAL [DMP] Fewer than 100 in the ethnic group (1990 N.P. Himmelmann). Central Sulawesi, Dampelas Sojol and Dampal Selatan subdistricts. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Tomini. The older generation is hardly able to give basic lexical information. Most Dampal have intermarried with speakers of other languages and do not use their language at home. Nearly extinct.
DAMPELASA (DIAN, DAMPELAS) [DMS] 13,000 (1991 D. Andersen SIL). Central Sulawesi; Dampelas Sojol and Balaesang subdistricts, 8 villages. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Tomini. Muslim. Survey needed.
DONDO [DOK] 15,000 or fewer (1991 D. Andersen SIL). Central Sulawesi; Tolitoli Buol District, Tolitoli Utara, Baolan, Dondo, Galang, and Dampal Utara subdistricts on the north coast; 25 villages or parts of villages. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Tomini. Speakers consider Dondo a separate language from Tolitoli. It is probably separate from Tomini; intelligibility testing is needed with both. Oyom village is more isolated, traditional, and has less education than others. Muslim, Christian. Survey needed.
DURI (MASENREMPULU, MASSENREMPULU) [MVP] 95,000, including 90,000 in Enrekang District (1991 SIL). South Sulawesi, northern Enrekang District, and in Ujung Pandang and elsewhere in South Sulawesi. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Northern, Masenrempulu. Dialects: CAKKE, KALOSI. Access by road. Vigorous language use. Duri is the prestige language of the Masenrempulu group. Typology: VSO, split ergative. Mountains. Agriculturalists: vegetables, coffee, wet rice. Muslim, Christian. Work in progress.
ENREKANG (ENDEKAN, ENDEKAN TIMUR) [PTT] 50,000 (1991 SIL). South Sulawesi, Enrekang and Pinrang districts. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Northern, Masenrempulu. Dialects: ENREKANG, RANGA, PATTINJO (LETTA-BATULAPPA-KASSA). Foothills, plains. Agriculturalists: maize, wet rice, cassava, vegetables. Muslim. Survey needed.
GORONTALO (HULONTALO) [GRL] 900,000; .5% of the population (1989). Northwestern Sulawesi, southern coast of northern peninsula. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Mongondow-Gorontalo, Gorontalic. Dialects: EAST GORONTALO, GORONTALO, WEST GORONTALO, TILAMUTA. Muslim, Christian. NT in press (1996). Bible portions 1993.
KAIDIPANG (KAIDIPAN, DIO) [KZP] 22,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Northern Sulawesi, northern coast on both sides of Bolang Itang. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Mongondow-Gorontalo, Gorontalic. Dialects: KAIDIPAN, BOLAANG ITANG (BOLANG ITANG). Muslim. Survey needed.
KAILI, DA'A (DA'A, BUNGGU) [KZF] 55,000, including 35,000 Da'a and Inde together, 20,000 Unde (1979 Barr, Barr, and Salombe). 3,000 to 5,000 Da'a and Inde are in south Sulawesi. Central Sulawesi. 'Bunggu' is the name used for Da'a and Inde in south Sulawesi, Mamuju District, Pasangkayu Subdistrict, near Palu. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Kaili-Pamona, Kaili. Dialects: DA'A (PEKAWA, PEKAVA, PAKAWA), INDE, UNDE (BANAWA, BANAVA). Intelligibility testing of Da'a is needed with Unde and Baras. There is some intelligibility with Ledo and other Kaili varieties, but with major sociolinguistic differences. Da'a and Inde have 98% lexical similarity. Christian (Da'a, Inde), Muslim (Unde). Bible portions 1985-1988. Work in progress.
KAILI, LEDO (LEDO, PALU, PALOESCH) [LEW] 233,500 including 128,000 Ledo, Doi, Ado, and Edo together, 7,500 Ija and Taa together, 55,000 Rai and Raio together, 43,000 Tara (1979 Barr, Barr, and Salombe). 8,000 to 10,000 are in south Sulawesi. Central and south Sulawesi. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Kaili-Pamona, Kaili. Dialects: LEDO (PALU), DOI, ADO, EDO, TADO, TARA (PARIGI), RAI (SINDUE-TAWAILI, TAWAILI-SINDUE), RAIO (KORI), IJA (SIGI), TAA. Ledo has 80% to 88% lexical similarity with Ado, Edo, Doi, and Lindu. Intelligibility testing is needed among dialects. Doi is intelligible with Ledo, Edo and Ado the next most intelligible, Tado a little less, but it, together with Ija, Taa, Tara, Rai, and Raio, need testing. Ledo is the lingua franca throughout the West Toraja area; the largest and most prestigious of the Kaili varieties. Some intelligibility with Da'a, but there are major sociolinguistic differences. The Tado dialect is different from 'Tado', used as an alternate name for Lindu. Trade language. Coastal plain, mountain slope. Copra, swidden and peasant agriculturalists: wet rice. Muslim, Christian. Bible portions 1939. Work in progress.
KAIMBULAWA [ZKA] 1,500 (1991 René van den Berg SIL). Southeast Sulawesi, part of Siompu Island. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Muna-Buton, Muna. Dialects: LANTOI, KAMBE-KAMBERO. A separate language; not a dialect of Muna or Cia-Cia. 96% lexical similarity with Lantoi, 75% with Busoa, 64% to 74% with Muna dialects, 64% with Muna, 70% with Liabuku, 66% with Cia-Cia, 58% with Wolio, 45% with Kaledupa. Muslim. Survey needed.
KALAO (KALAOTOA) [KLY] 500 (1988 T. Friberg SIL). South Sulawesi, eastern Kalao Island south of Selayar Island. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Muna-Buton, Kalao. Access by sea. Related to Laiyolo (76% lexical similarity) and Wotu. Muslim. Survey needed.
KALUMPANG (MAKKI, MANGKI, MAKI, MA'KI, MANGKIR, GALUMPANG) [KLI] 12,000 (1991 SIL). South Sulawesi, southeast Mamuju District, Kalumpang Subdistrict. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa'dan. Dialects: KARATAUN, MABLEI, MANGKI (E'DA), BONE HAU (TA'DA). Access by river, foot, motorbike, or 4-wheel drive in dry season. 78% lexical similarity with Mamasa, 78% with Rongkong, 74% with Toraja-Sa'dan. Between Karataun and Bone Hau dialects: average 82%. Vigorous language use. There are other small dialects not listed. Mountain slope, river valleys. Agriculturalists: rice; coffee. Christian, Muslim.
KAMARU [KGX] 2,000 (1979 Bhurhanuddin). Southeastern Buton Island, southeast Sulawesi. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Muna-Buton, Buton. 68% lexical similarity with Lasalimu, 67% with Wolio, 54% with Cia-Cia, 51% with Pancana, 49% with Tukangbesi, 45% with Muna. Muslim. Survey needed.
KIOKO [UES] 1,000 (1991 René van den Berg SIL). Southeast Sulawesi, Kulisusu Subdistrict on Buton Island. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Muna-Buton, Muna. Dialects: KIOKO, KAMBOWA. Reported to be a separate language. It might be part of the Pancana language. 82% lexical similarity with Kambowa, 81% with Laompo dialect of Muna, 74% with Muna, 75% with Liabuku and Busoa. Muslim. Survey needed.
KODEOHA (KONDEHA) [VKO] 1,500 (1991 D. Mead SIL). Southeast Sulawesi, Kolaka District, Lasusua Subdistrict, west coast of Kolaka. 4 villages. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Bungku-Mori-Tolaki, Tolaki. 75% lexical similarity with Rahambuu; 70% with Tolaki, Mekongga, and Waru; 54% with the Mori and Bungku groups. Bugis is used as second language. Muslim. Survey needed.
KONJO, COASTAL (KONDJO, TIRO) [KJC] 125,000 including 50,000 Kajang, 10,000 Tiro (1991 SIL). South Sulawesi, southeast corner of the southern tip of the peninsula; parts of Sinjai, Bulukumba, and Bantaeng districts. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Makassar. Dialects: KONJO PESISIR (ARA, BIRA), TANA TOA (TANA TOWA, BLACK KONJO, KAJANG, KADJANG), BANTAENG (BONTHAIN). Access by road. 76% lexical similarity with Makassar. Tana Toa is at the northern end of the dialect chain. It is within 10% lexical similarity of the other coastal dialects. Tana Towa resist modern ways, contact with outsiders. Vigorous language use by all Konjo. Coastal. Agriculturalists, fishermen, boat builders. Muslim, traditional religion (Tana Towa).
KONJO, HIGHLAND (KONJO PEGUNUNGAN, KONYO) [KJK] 150,000 (1991 SIL). South Sulawesi, central mountain area, Sinjai, Bone, Gowa, Bulukumba districts. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Makassar. 75% lexical similarity with Coastal Konjo. Mountain slope. Agriculturalists: wet rice, fruit, vegetables, coffee. Muslim, Christian.
KORONI [XKQ] 500 (1991 D. Mead SIL). Central Sulawesi, Bungku Tengah Subdistrict, Unsongi village on the east coast 12 km. south of Bungku town. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Bungku-Mori-Tolaki, Bungku. 75% lexical similarity with Taloki and Kulisusu, 66% with Wawonii, Bungku, Tulambatu; 65% with Moronene. Coastal. Muslim. Survey needed.
KULISUSU (KALISUSU, KOLINSUSU, KOLENSUSU) [VKL] 22,000 (1995 SIL). Southeast Sulawesi, Kulisusu and Bonegunu subdistricts on the northeast corner of Buton Island. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Bungku-Mori-Tolaki, Bungku. 81% lexical similarity between dialects, 77% with Taloki, 75% with Koroni, 66% with Wawonii and the Bungku group, 65% with Moronene, 54% with the Mori and Tolaki groups. Muslim. Survey needed.
KUMBERAHA [XKS] 250 (1995 SIL). Lasalimu Subdistrict in sutheast Buton Island. Unclassified. Muslim. Survey needed.
KWANDANG [KJW] Northern peninsula of Sulawesi between the Bolaang Mongondow and Toli-Toli, mostly on the Gorontalo Plain. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Mongondow-Gorontalo, Gorontalic. May be intelligible with Gorontalo. Survey needed.
LAIYOLO (LAYOLO, LAJOLO, DA'ANG) [LJI] 1,050 or more including 600 Laiyolo, 450 or more Barang-Barang (1988 SIL). South Sulawesi, villages of Laiyolo and Barang-Barang on the southern tip of Selayar Island. Also reported to be on Batam Island, Riau. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Muna-Buton, Kalao. Dialects: BARANG-BARANG (LOWA), LAIYOLO. Access by road on Selayar. Vigorous language use in Barang-Barang dialect. Children in Laiyolo villages are reported to not be using Laiyolo. 86% lexical similarity between Laiyolo and Barang-Barang, 76% with Kalao, 65% with Buton, 53% with Wotu, 39% with Muna. Barang-Barang may need separate literature. Selayar is used as second language. Dry coastal hills. Agriculturalists: maize, cassava cultivation, copra. Muslim, some Christian.
LASALIMU [LLM] 2,000 (1979 Bhurhanuddin). Southeastern part of Buton Island, Lasalimu Subdistrict, southeast Sulawesi. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Muna-Buton, Buton. 68% lexical similarity with Kamaru, 64% with Cia-Cia, 57% with Tukangbesi, 51% with Pancana, 50% with Wolio and Muna. Muslim. Survey needed.
LAUJE (LAUDJE, TINOMBO, AMPIBABO) [LAW] 45,000 (1991 D. Andersen SIL). Central Sulawesi, Dampelas Sojol, Dondo, Tinombo, Tomini, and Ampibabo subdistricts, along Tomini Bay, Sidoan River area. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Tomini. Needs intelligibility testing with Tomini dialects. Muslim, Christian, traditional religion. Bible portions. Work in progress.
LEMOLANG (BAEBUNTA) [LEY] 2,000 (1995 SIL). South Sulawesi, Luwu District, inland from the northeast coast, centered in the villages of Sassa and Salassa, with other scattered speakers in Sabbang Subdistrict, and possibly Baebunta. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Lemolang. Access by road. 41% lexical similarity with Mori Bawah, 39% with Mori Atas, 38% with Bungku, 39% with Buton, 31% with Seko Padang, 30% with Rampi, 29% with Toraja-Sa'dan, 26% with Muna, 25% with Wotu, 24% with Bugis. Tae' Luwu is the dominant language of the area. There are reports that some children do not speak Lemolang, however, of 25 children questioned in 1990, 76% said they spoke it well. Levels of bilingualism in Indonesian are 0:0%, 1:3%, 2:75%, 3:22%, 4:0%, 5:0%. Base of foothills. Muslim.
LIABUKU [LIX] 500 to 1,500 possibly (1991 R. van den Berg SIL). Southeast Sulawesi, one village north of Baubau in Bungi and Kapontori districts, south Buton. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Muna-Buton, Muna. Quite divergent from other Muna varieties; it may be part of the Pancana language. 82% lexical similarity with the Burukene dialect of Muna, 72% to 76% with other Muna dialects, 72% with Muna, 75% with Kioko. Muslim. Survey needed.
LIMBOTO (LIMBOTTO) [LJO] Northern peninsula. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Mongondow-Gorontalo, Gorontalic. May be intelligible with Gorontalo. Survey needed.
LINDU (LINDUAN, TADO) [KLW] 2,000 (1990 SIL). Central Sulawesi, Kulawi Subdistrict; villages of Anca, Tomado, Langko, near Lake Lindu. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Kaili-Pamona, Kaili. 'Tado' as an alternate name for Lindu is different from the Tado dialect of Ledo Kaili. Christian.
LOLAK [LLQ] Northeastern Sulawesi, villages of Lolak, Mongkoinit, and Motabang. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Mongondow-Gorontalo, Gorontalic. Structurally related to Gorontalo, but with heavy lexical borrowing from Mongondow. 79% lexical similarity with Mongondow, 66% with Ponosakan, 63% with Kaidipang. Surrounded by Mongondow, which is the second language of speakers. Muslim. Survey needed.
MAIWA (MASENREMPULU) [WMM] 50,000 (1990 SIL). South Sulawesi, Enrekang and Sidenrang districts. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Northern, Masenrempulu. Lowlands. Pastoralists, fruit, palm sugar. Muslim. Survey needed.
MAKASSAR (MAKASAR, MACASSARESE, MACASSAR, MAKASSA, MAKASSARESE, TAENA, TENA, GOA, MENGKASARA, MANGASARA, MAKASSAARSCHE) [MSR] 1,600,000; .9% of the population (1989). South Sulawesi, southwest corner of the peninsula, most of Pangkep, Maros, Gowa, Bantaeng, Jeneponto, and Takalar districts. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Makassar. Dialects: GOWA (GOA, LAKIUNG), TURATEA (JENEPONTO), MAROS-PANGKEP. Access by road. The Gowa dialect is prestigious. Vigorous language use. Lontara script is a Bugis-Makassar syllabary still in use. Many ethnic Chinese speak Makassar as first language. Dialects form a chain. Trade language. Coastal plain, foothills. Fishermen; agriculturalists: wet rice, corn, cassava, vegetables; salt harvest. Muslim, Christian. Bible 1900, in press (1995). NT 1888. Bible portions 1864-1875.
MALAY, MENADONESE (MANADO MALAY, MANADONESE MALAY,MENADO MALAY, MINAHASAN MALAY) [XMM] Many mother tongue speakers, and millions of second language speakers (1994:411 Prentice). North Sulawesi, Minahasa District, west coast around the Port of Manado. Used as second language in many in North Sulawesi. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sundic, Malayic, Malayan, Local Malay. Needs intelligibility testing with Indonesian and other varieties of Malay. Its closest relative is North Moluccan Malay. Also close to Sri Lankan Malay. Influences from Portuguese and Ternate. An important and growing lingua franca in many parts of Sulawesi. Dictionary. Trade language. Christian, some Muslim. Survey needed.
MALIMPUNG [MLT] 5,000 (1995 SIL). South Sulawesi, Pinrang District, Patampanua Subdistrict, Malimpung area. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Northern, Masenrempulu. 80% lexical similarity with Maiwa, 70% with Enrekang. They view themselves as distinct from Bugis and Enrekang. Muslim. Survey needed.
MAMASA [MQJ] 100,000 (1991 SIL). South Sulawesi, Polmas District, Polewali Subdistrict, along the Mamasa River. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa'dan. Dialects: NORTHERN MAMASA, CENTRAL MAMASA, PATTAE' (SOUTHERN MAMASA, PATTA' BINUANG, BINUANG, TAE', BINUANG-PAKI-BATETANGA-ANTEAPI). Access by road. 78% lexical similarity with Toraja-Sa'dan. Vigorous language use. River valleys. Wet rice cultivation, coffee. Christian, Muslim (Pattae'), traditional religion. Work in progress.
MAMUJU (MAMUDJU, UDAI, MAMOEDJOE, MAMOEDJOESCH) [MQX] 60,000 (1991 SIL) including 50,000 in Mamuju dialect. South Sulawesi, Mamuju District, on the coast of Mamuju, Kalukku, and Budong-Budong subdistricts. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Northern, Mamuju. Dialects: MAMUJU, SUMARE-RANGAS, PADANG, SINYONYOI. Access by road and boat. The Mamuju dialect is prestigious. Language attitudes are positive. Trade language. Coastal plain, foothills. Copra, cocoa, cloves, maize, cassava, rattan; fishermen. Muslim.
MANDAR (ANDIAN, MANJAR, MANDHARSCHE) [MHN] 200,000 (1985). South Sulawesi, Majene and Polewali-Mamasa districts, a few settlements in Mamuju District, on the islands of Pangkep District, and at Ujung Lero near Pare-Pare. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Northern, Mandar. Dialects: MAJENE, BALANIPA (NAPO-TINAMBUNG), MALUNDA, PAMBOANG, SENDANA (CENRANA, TJENDANA). Mandar is a complex dialect grouping; there may be more dialects than those listed. Balanipa and Sendana may each be more than one dialect. Balanipa is the prestige dialect. Mandar, Mamuju, and Pitu Ulunna Salu are separate languages in a language chain. Textbooks for education in primary schools use the Lontara syllabary script, but two dictionaries are in Roman script. Coastal lowlands, hills. Fishermen, agriculturalists: cacao, copra, maize, cassava. Muslim.
MOMA (KULAWI) [MYL] 5,500 (1985 D. Barr SIL). Central Sulawesi, Kulawi Subdistrict. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Kaili-Pamona, Kaili. Language influences from Uma. Christian over, Muslim. Bible portions 1939.
MONGONDOW (BOLAANG MONGONDOW, MONGONDOU, MINAHASSA) [MOG] 900,000; .5% of the population (1989). Northeast Sulawesi, between Tontemboan and Gorontalo. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Mongondow-Gorontalo, Mongondowic. Dialects: LOLAYAN, DUMOGA, PASI. Traditional religion, Muslim, Christian. Bible portions 1932-1939. Work in progress.
MORI ATAS (WEST MORI, UPPER MORI) [MZQ] 12,000 to 18,000 (1995 SIL). Central Sulawesi at the neck of the southeastern peninsula, Mori Atas, Lembo, and Petasia subdistricts. Also in south Sulawesi. 25 villages or parts of villages. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Bungku-Mori-Tolaki, Mori. Dialect: AIKOA. 73% to 86% lexical similarity with Mori Bawah and Padoe. Christian, Muslim. NT 1948, out of print. Bible portions 1938-1941.
MORI BAWAH (EAST MORI, LOWER MORI, NAHINA) [XMZ] 12,000 to 18,000 (1995 SIL). Central Sulawesi at the neck of the southeastern peninsula; Petasia and Lembo subdistricts; 24 villages or parts of villages. Also in south Sulawesi. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Bungku-Mori-Tolaki, Mori. Dialects: TAMBE'E, NAHINA, PETASIA, SOROAKO, KARONSIE. 73% to 86% lexical similarity with Mori Atas, 75% with Padoe. Christian, Muslim. Survey needed.
MORONENE (MARONENE) [MQN] 31,000, including 20,000 in Moronene, 11,000 in Tokotu'a (1991 D. Mead SIL). Southeast Sulawesi, Buton District. Tokotu'a dialect is on Kabaena Island, Wita Ea is on the mainland portion of Buton District opposite Kabaena, with Rumbia subdialect in Rubia Subdistrict, and Poleang subdialect in Poleang, Poleang Timur, and Watubangga Subdistrict of Kolaka District. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Bungku-Mori-Tolaki, Bungku. Dialects: WITA EA (RUMBIA, POLEANG, MORONENE), TOKOTU'A (KABAENA). Moronene dialect has 80% lexical similarity with Tokotu'a; 68% with Wawonii-Menui, 66% with Kulisusu, 65% with Taloki, Koroni, Tulambatu, 64% with Bungku, and 57% with Tolaki. Formerly a kingdom. Levels of bilingualism in Indonesian are 0:5%, 1:15%, 2:67%, 3:12.5%, 4:.5%, 5:0%. Muslim, Christian. Work in progress.
MUNA (WUNA, MOUNAN) [MYN] 227,000 (1989 van den Berg), including 600 in Ambon (1985 SIL). 150,000 Standard Muna, 10,000 Tiworo, 7,000 Siompu, 60,000 Gumas (1989 van den Berg). Muna Island off southeast Sulawesi, northwest coast of Buton Island, and Ambon, central Maluku. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Muna-Buton, Muna. Dialects: STANDARD MUNA (NORTHERN MUNA), GUMAS (SOUTHERN MUNA), SIOMPU, TIWORO (EASTERN MUNA). Wuna is their self-name. 71% lexical similarity with Pancana, 62% with Cia-Cia, 52% with Wolio, 50% with Lasalimu, 47% with Tukangbesi, 45% with Kamaru. Subdialects of Standard Muna are: Tungkuno, Kabawo, Lawa, Katobu, Tobea Besar; of Gumas are: Gu, Mawasangka, Lakudo, Wale-Ale, Lawama, Kadatua, Lowu-Lowu, Kalia-Lia, Katobengke, Topa, Salaa, Lawela, Laompo, Burukene. Muslim, Christian. Bible portions 1993. Work in progress.
NAPU (PEKUREHUA) [NAP] 6,000 (1995). Central Sulawesi, Lore Utara Subdistrict, Napu Valley, 10 villages. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Kaili-Pamona, Pamona. Closest linguistically to Besoa. Nearly all speakers use Indonesian as second language with varying proficiency. Access by road. Agriculturalists: rice. Altitude: 3,300 feet. Christian over, Muslim. Selections 1991. Work in progress.
PADOE (SOUTH MORI, PADOÉ, ALALAO) [PDO] 6,000 (1991 D. Andersen). South Sulawesi, eastern Luwu District in Nuha, Malili, and Mangkutana subdistricts; Central Sulawesi, Banggai District, 2 villages in Mori Atas Subdistrict and 1 village in Pamona Utara Subdistrict. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Bungku-Mori-Tolaki, Mori. Access by air and gravel road. Vigorous language use. Two dialects. 73% to 86% lexical similarity with Mori Atas, 75% with Mori Bawah. Levels of bilingualism in Indonesian are 0:0%, 1-2:82%, 2+:33%, 3:17%, 4:1%, 5:0%. Christian, Muslim.
PAMONA (BARE'E, BAREE, POSO, TAA, WANA) [BCX] 106,000 (1979 Barr); including 100,000 in central Sulawesi, 6,000 to 10,000 in south Sulawesi. Central Sulawesi; Poso District, Poso Kota, Poso Pesisir, Parigi, Lage, Pamona Utara, Pamona Selatan, Tojo, Ulubongko, Ampana Kota, Ampanatete, Una-Una, Mori Atas, Petasia, Bungku Utara, Bungku Tengah subdistricts; 193 villages. South Sulawesi in Mangkutana Subdistrict and north Wotu and Bone-Bone subdistricts in Luwu District. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Kaili-Pamona, Pamona. Dialects: PAMONA (BARE'E), LAIWONU (IBA), BATUI, SINOHOAN (DAIDO, IDO, IDORE'E), MBELALA (BARIA, BELA, BELALA), RAPANGKAKA (ARIA), TOMONI, TOBAU (TOBAO, TOBALO, BARE'E), TOKONDINDI, TOPADA, TAA (WANA, TOPOTAA). Laiwonu, Batui, Sinohoan, Mbelala, and Rapangkaka may be separate languages. Pamona speakers in Bungku Utara recognize five ethnic groups with minor dialect differences: Pusangke, Kajumorangka, Tokasiala, Burangas, Topotaa. The first four are mountain dwellers in the interior; the Topotaa live along the coast. They call themselves Taa or Wana. Speakers in Bungku Tengah recognize five varieties: Topotaa (the same as Taa), Tobau, Tokondindi, Topada, and Tombelala. They have 76% (Taa) to 90% lexical similarity with each other, except for Tombelala, which has 66% to 76% lexical similarity with other Bungku Tengah dialects, and is considered to be a separate language. Bahasa Indonesia is used as second language. Mountain slope, foothills, coast. Swidden agriculturalists, copra. Christian. NT 1933-1992. Bible portions 1913-1926.
PANASUAN (TO PANASEAN, TO PAMOSEAN) [PSN] 900 or more (1988 T. Laskowske). South Sulawesi, northeast of Kalumpang-speaking area and west of Seko area merging into Kalumpang area in Mamuju District. 2 villages. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Seko. Access by river, foot. 67% lexical similarity with Seko Tengah, 63% with Seko Padang, 72% with Tangkou. Christian.
PANCANA (PANTJANA) [PNP] 15,000 (1979 Bhurhanuddin). Southeast Sulawesi, near Muna, central Buton Island. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Muna-Buton, Muna. Dialects: KAPONTORI, KALENDE (LAWELE), LABUANDIRI. Dialect names are also place names. 71% lexical similarity with Muna, 57% with Cia-Cia. May be more than one language; survey needed. Muslim.
PANNEI (TAPANGO) [PNC] 9,000 (1986 SIL). South Sulawesi, Polewali-Mamasa District, Wonomulyo Subdistrict. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu. Dialects: TAPANGO, BULO. Bulo has 87% to 93% lexical similarity with all dialects. Intelligibility testing needed with Ulumandak, Pitu Ulunna Salu dialects. Lexical similarity 75% to 80% with dialects of Ulumandak, Pitu Ulunna Salu, Aralle-Tabulahan. Muslim. Survey needed.
PENDAU (NDAU, NDAOE, UMALASA) [UMS] 2,000 to 5,000 (1991 P. Quick SIL). Central Sulawesi, Balaesang Subdistrict, villages of Walandano and part of Sibayu, and Simatang Island; and Dampelas Sojol, Ampibabo, Sirenja, Tinombo subdistricts, close to and north of Tajio. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Tomini. Muslim, Christian. Work in progress.
PONOSAKAN (PONASAKAN) [PNS] 3,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Northeast Sulawesi around Belang. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Mongondow-Gorontalo, Mongondowic. 75% lexical similarity with Mongondow, 66% with Lolak. Muslim. Survey needed.
RAHAMBUU (WIAU, WIAOE) [RAZ] 5,000 (1991 SIL). Southeast Sulawesi, Kolaka District, Pakue Subdistrict, west coast north of the Kodeoha. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Bungku-Mori-Tolaki, Tolaki. 87% lexical similarity between dialects, 75% with Kodeoha, 70% with Tolaki, Mekongga, and Waru; 54% with the Mori and Bungku groups. Muslim. Survey needed.
RAMPI (LEBONI, RAMPI-LEBONI, HA'UWA) [LJE] 8,000; 2,300 in South Sulawesi, 5,700 in Central Sulawesi (1991 SIL). South Sulawesi, 6 villages in an isolated mountain area of Masamba Subdistrict in Luwu District; also in Sabbang Limbong, Wotu, and Mangkutana subdistricts; and about 15 villages in Poso and Donggala districts of Central Sulawesi. Rato speakers have moved elsewhere. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Kaili-Pamona, Pamona. Dialects: RAMPI (LAMBU), RATO. Access by foot and horse. Vigorous language use. Leboni is the prestige dialect. Mountain slope. Swidden agriculturalists. Christian, some Muslim.
RATAHAN (BENTENAN, PASAN) [RTH] 30,000 (1989). Northeastern section of the northern peninsula of Sulawesi, around Ratahan and to the southeast coast of the northern peninsula. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Sangir-Minahasan, Sangiric. Traditional religion, Christian. Selections 1994. Work in progress.
SALUAN, COASTAL (LOINANG, LOINDANG, MADI) [LOE] 74,000 (1979 Barr). East central Sulawesi; Luwuk, Balantak, Lamala, Buko, Totikum, Kintom, Batui, Pagimana, Bunta subdistricts; 136 villages. Loinang dialect is in the mountains. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, Eastern. The name 'Saluan' is preferred over 'Loinang' by the speakers. Related to Kahumamahon Saluan, Balantak, Andio. Muslim, traditional religion, Christian. NT in press (1996).
SALUAN, KAHUMAMAHON (INTERIOR SALUAN, KAHUMAMAHON) [SLB] 2,000 (1995 SIL). East central Sulawesi. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, Eastern. Related to Coastal Saluan, Balantak, Andio. Traditional religion, Christian. Bible portions. Work in progress.
SANGIR (SANGIHÉ, SANGIRESE, SANGI, SANGIH) [SAN] 200,000 in Indonesia (1995 Indonesian Consul, Davao, Philippines), including 50,000 Siau; 10,000 Tagulandang (1981); 55,000 in Philippines (1981); 255,000 in all countries. North Sulawesi, Great Sangir Island, and north Maluku. Also in Philippines. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Sangir-Minahasan, Sangiric. Dialects: SIAU, MANGANITU, TAMAKO, NORTH TABUKANG (TABUKANG, TABUKAN), SOUTH TABUKANG, CENTRAL TABUKANG, KANDAR, TARUNA, TAGULANDANG (TAHULANDANG). Christian, Muslim. NT 1883-1993. Bible portions 1875-1980.
SARUDU (DODA') [SDU] 4,000 (1990 SIL). South Sulawesi, south Pasangkayu District, Mamuju Subdistrict. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Kaili-Pamona, Kaili. Dialects: NUNU', KULU (LARIANG). 75% lexical similarity with Uma, 80% with Benggaulu. They have contact with Bugis and Kaili speakers. Access by sea and foot. Lowland coastal swamp. Sago palm, fishermen. Muslim.
SEDOA (TAWAELIA, BARIA) [TVW] 600 (1979 Barr). East central Sulawesi, Lore Utara and Poso Pesisir subdistricts; villages of Sedoa, and parts of Tambarona and Pinedapa. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Kaili-Pamona, Kaili. A distinct language; not a dialect of nearby Napu or Kaili. Vigorous language use. Christian. Survey needed.
SEKO PADANG (SEKO, WONO, SUA TU PADANG) [SKX] 5,000, of whom 2,300 are in the Seko area (1991 T. Laskowske SIL). South Sulawesi, northeast section of Limbong Subdistrict in Luwu District. About half the speakers have resettled in Palolo Valley of central Sulawesi. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Seko. Dialects: LODANG, HONO' (WONO). Many primary schools. Indonesian is used as second language. Vigorous language use. Sua Tu Padang is self name. Access by air, foot, and horse. Plains. Subsistence agriculturalists: coffee, wet rice, corn, cassava. They provide their own meat and fish. Altitude: 1,150 meters. Christian, Muslim. Work in progress.
SEKO TENGAH (SEKO, POHONEANG, PEWANEAN, PEWANEANG) [SKO] 2,500 (1995 SIL). Northern south Sulawesi, western part of Limbong Subdistrict along the Betue River. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Seko. Indonesian is second language. 71% lexical similarity with Seko Padang, 67% with Panasuan. Mountain slope, high plateau. Agriculturalists: dry rice, coffee, corn, cassava. Christian, Muslim.
SELAYAR (SALAYAR, SALAJAR, SALAYER, SILAJARA, SILADJA, SALEIER) [SLY] 90,000 (1983 SIL). South Sulawesi, Selayar Island. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Makassar. Access by road, ferry. 69% lexical similarity with Makassar. Vigorous language use. Indonesian is used as second language. Levels of bilingualism in Bugis, Indonesian are 0:28%, 1-2:51%, 3:17%, 4:4%, 5:0%. Mountain slope, coastal strip. Copra plantations, maize, cassava. Muslim, Christian.
SUWAWA (BUNDA, SUWAWA-BUNDA) [SWU] 10,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Northeastern Sulawesi, around Suwawa and Pinogu, east of Gorontalo town and Lake Limboto. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Mongondow-Gorontalo, Gorontalic. Dialect: BUNDA. Separate language from Gorontalo. Muslim. Survey needed.
TAE' (RONGKONG, RONGKONG KANANDEDE, TO RONGKONG, LUWU, TORAJA TIMUR, EAST TORAJA, SADA, TOWARE, SANGANGALLA', TAEQ, TAE' TAE') [ROB] 250,000 (1992 SIL). South Sulawesi, southeast Limbong and Sabbang subdistricts of Luwu District. Also an enclave in Wasuponda, Nuha Subdistrict near the town of Soroako. Rongkong Atas is the upper river system in Limbong and in Seko Lemo. Rongkong Bawah is the lower river system in Sabbang. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa'dan. Dialects: RONGKONG, NORTHEAST LUWU, SOUTH LUWU, BUA. 92% lexical similarity among dialects, over 86% with the northern dialects. 80% lexical similarity with Toraja-Sa'dan. Vigorous language use. Coastal plain, upland valleys. Agriculturalists: wet rice, coffee, vegetables. Rongkong Bawah is predominantly Muslim, Rongkong Atas has a Christian minority. Muslim over, Christian.
TAJE (PETAPA) [PEE] 400 (1981 R. McKenzie). Central Sulawesi, village of Tanampedagi in Ampibabo Subdistrict; also near Sipeso in Sindue Subdistrict. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Tomini. Muslim. Survey needed.
TAJIO (KASIMBAR, TADJIO, TA'ADJIO, ADJIO) [TDJ] 18,000 (1991 R. McKenzie). Central Sulawesi; Ampibabo, Tinombo, and Sindue subdistricts; 21 villages or parts of villages. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Tomini. Self name is Tajio. Kasimbar is the name of the main town. Muslim, Christian. Survey needed.
TALAUD (TALAUT, TALODDA) [TLD] 60,000 (1981 UBS). North Sulawesi, Talaud Islands northeast of the Sangihe Islands. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Sangir-Minahasan, Sangiric. Dialects: KABURUANG, SOUTH KARAKELONG (KARAKELONG, KARAKELANG), NENUSA-MAINGAS, ESSANG, ARANGKA'A, DAPALAN (RIUNG), AWIT, BEO, LIRANG (SALIBABU, SALEBABU). Christian. NT 1993.
TALOKI (TALUKI) [TLK] 500 (1995 SIL). Southeast Sulawesi, northwest coast Buton Island, Wakorumba Subdistrict, Maligano village, and possibly some on south Buton Island, Kapontori Subdistrict, Wakalambe village. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Bungku-Mori-Tolaki. 77% lexical similarity with Kulisusu; 75% with Koroni; 66% with Wawonii, Bungku, Tulambatu; 65% with Moronene. Speakers are reported to have a high bilingualism in Muna. Muslim. Survey needed.
TALONDO' [TLN] 500 speakers, 1 village (1986 SIL). Talondo and Pedasi villages, Mamuju District, Kalumpang Subdistrict. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa'dan. 80% lexical similarity with Kalumpang. They claim to understand the Bone Hau dialect of Kalumpang, but Kalumpang speakers cannot understand Talondo'. May be in the Seko subgroup. Christian, Muslim. Survey needed.
TOALA' (TOALA, TOALA-PALILI, LUWU', TORAJA TIMUR, EAST TORAJA, SADA, TOWARE, SANGANGALLA') [TLZ] 30,000 (1983 SIL). South Sulawesi, Luwu District from Masamba to the southern tip of the district. Toala' dialect is from the foothills up to the divide. Palili' dialect is on a narrow coastal strip overlapping with Bugis Luwu. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa'dan. Dialects: TOALA', PALILI'. Access by road and trail. 74% lexical similarity with Toraja-Sa'dan. Probably at least 4 dialects. Vigorous language use. Coastal plain, mountain slope. Copra plantations, swidden agriculturalists. Muslim. Survey needed.
TOLAKI (TO'OLAKI, LOLAKI, LALAKI, LAKI, KOLAKA, "NOIE", "NOIHE", "NEHINA", "NOHINA", "NAHINA", "AKIDO") [LBW] 281,000, including 230,000 Konawe, 50,000 Mekongga, 650 Asera, fewer than 100 Wiwirano, 200 Laiwui (1991 D. Mead SIL). Southeast Sulawesi, Kendari and Kolaka districts. Mekongga are in the Mekongga Mts. on the western edge of the group near Soroako. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Bungku-Mori-Tolaki, Tolaki. Dialects: WIWIRANO, ASERA, KONAWE (KENDARI), MEKONGGA (BINGKOKAK), NORIO, KONIO, TAMBOKI (TAMBBUOKI), LAIWUI (KIOKI). Wiwirano has 88% lexical similarity with Asera, 84% with Konawe, 85% with Mekongga, 81% with Laiwui, 78% with Waru, 70% with Rahambuu and Kodeoha, 54% with the Mori and Bungku groups. Mekongga has 86% with Konawe, 80% with Laiwui. Intelligibility testing is needed with the dialects listed above, Mekongga, and Waru. Negative names are no longer in use. Wiwirano is spoken only by older people. Dictionary. Grammar. Muslim, Christian. Selections 1947. Work in progress.
TOLITOLI (TONTOLI, TOTOLI, GAGE) [TXE] 28,000 (1991 D. Andersen SIL). Central Sulawesi, Tolitoli Utara, Galang, Baolan, Dondo, subdistricts on the north coast; 29 villages or parts of villages. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Tomini. Muslim. Survey needed.
TOMADINO [TDI] 600 (1991 D. Mead SIL). Central Sulawesi, Bungku Tengah Subdistrict, Sakita village on the east coast, outskirts of Bungku town. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Bungku-Mori-Tolaki, Mori. 71% lexical similarity with Bahonsuai, 68% with Mori Atas, Mori Bawah, and Padoe. People use Bungku as mother tongue. Coastal. Muslim. Survey needed.
TOMBELALA [TTP] 1,100 (1995 SIL). Central Sulawesi, Bungku Tengah Subdistrict, 4 villages. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Kaili-Pamona, Pamona. Speakers consider themselves part of Pamona, but have 66% to 76% lexical similarity with other Pamona dialects, and 38% with Bungku. Bahasa Indonesia is used as second language. Muslim. Survey needed.
TOMBULU (TOMBULU', TOMBULA, TOUMBULU, TOMBALU, MINAHASA, MINHASA) [TOM] 60,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Northeastern Sulawesi, around Tanawangko and Tomohon. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Sangir-Minahasan, Minahasan. Dialects: TARATARA, TOMOHON. Closest to Tondano and Tonsea. Traditional religion, Christian. Bible portions 1933. Survey needed.
TOMINI (TIADJE, TIALO) [TXM] 42,000 (1992 D. Andersen). Central Sulawesi; Moutong, Tomini, Tinombo subdistricts along Tomini Bay; 42 villages. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Tomini. Muslim. Survey needed.
TONDANO (TONDANOU, TOLOU, TOLOUR, TOULOUR) [TDN] 92,000 in Indonesia (1981 Wurm and Hattori); 20 to 25 in USA. Northeastern Sulawesi around Tondano and to the southeast coast of the northern peninsula. Also USA. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Sangir-Minahasan, Sangiric. Dialects: TONDANO, KAKAS (KA'KAS), REMBOKEN. Closest to Tombulu and Tonsea. Christian. Work in progress.
TONSAWANG (TOMBATU) [TNW] 20,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Northeastern Sulawesi around Tombatu. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Sangir-Minahasan, Minahasan. Christian. Survey needed.
TONSEA (TONSEA') [TXS] 90,000 (1989). Northeastern tip of Sulawesi. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Sangir-Minahasan, Sangiric. Dialects: MAUMBI, AIRMADIDI, LIKUPANG, KAUDITAN, KALABAT ATAS. Traditional religion, Christian. Selections 1990. Survey needed.
TONTEMBOAN (TOMPAKEWA, TOUNTEMBOAN, PAKEWA) [TNT] 150,000 (1990). Northeastern coast of Minahasa Peninsula from Sonder to around Motoling and Tompasobaru. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Sangir-Minahasan, Minahasan. Dialects: LANGOAN, TOMPASO (MAKELAI, MAKELA'I-MAOTOW), SONDER (MATANAI, MATANA'I-MAORE'). Christian. Bible portions 1852. Work in progress.
TOPOIYO [TOY] 2,000 (1988 T. Laskowske). South Sulawesi, Budong-Budong Subdistrict in Mamuju District, inland along Budong-Budong River. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Kaili-Pamona, Kaili. Vigorous language use. Access by river, road. 66% lexical similarity with Sarudu and Da'a, 56% with Ledo, 54% with the Parigi dialect of Kaili. Recent settlers from elsewhere and rubber plantation development have brought new language contacts. Riverine. Swidden agriculturalists, rubber plantation workers. Muslim. Survey needed.
TORAJA-SA'DAN (SA'DAN, SADAN, SADANG, TORAJA, TORADJA, TAE', TA'E, SOUTH TORAJA, SA'DANSCHE) [SDA] 500,000 (1990 UBS). South Sulawesi, Tana Toraja District with large enclaves in Luwu District. Several thousand also in Ujung Pandang city. Also on west coast of southeast Sulawesi in Kolaka and Wundulako districts. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa'dan. Dialects: MAKALE (TALLULEMBANGNA), RANTEPAO (KESU'), TORAJA BARAT (WEST TORAJA, MAPPA-PANA). Access by road. Rantepao is prestige dialect. River valleys. Agriculturalists: wet rice, coffee. Christian over, some traditional religion, Muslim. Bible 1960-1995. NT 1951-1989. Bible portions 1933-1948.
TUKANGBESI NORTH (WAKATOBI) [KHC] 120,000 including 60,000 in Maluku (1995 SIL); several hundred in Singapore. Northern islands of Tukangbesi Archipelago, Kaledupa and Wanci, off Southeast Sulawesi; several hundreds in Singapore and Baubau city; on Bacan, Taliabu, Mongole, Buru, Sulabesi, Seram, and Ambon islands in Maluku; Irian Jaya; and Sumbawa. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Muna-Buton, Tukangbesi-Bonerate. Dialects: KALEDUPA (KAHEDUPA), WANCI (WANJI, WANTJI, WANJE, WANGI- WANGI). 80% lexical similarity between Kaledupa and Wanci; they may be separate languages. 70% to 75% with Tukangbesi South, 48% with Lasalimu, 47% with Cia-Cia, 40% with Kamaru, an average of 35% with other nearby languages. Muslim. Survey needed.
TUKANGBESI SOUTH (TUKANG-BESI, WAKATOBI) [BHQ] 130,000 including 100,000 in Maluku (1995 SIL). Southern islands of Tukangbesi archipelago, (Binongko and Tomea islands) off the southeast Sulawesi; Taliabu, Mongole, Sulabesi, Buru, Seram, Ambon, and Alor islands in Maluku; Bonerate dialect in Bonerate, Madu, Kalaotoa, and Karompa islands in Selayar District, South Sulawesi; numerous settlements throughout western Irian Jaya. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Muna-Buton, Tukangbesi-Bonerate. Dialects: BINONGKO, TOMEA (TOMIA). Binongko has 85% lexical similarity, with Tomea 81% with Bonerate, Tomea 79% with Bonerate. 70% to 75% with Tukangbesi North, 48% with Cia-Cia, 49% with Lasalimu, average of 35% with other nearby languages. Muslim.
ULUMANDA' (ULUMANDAK, OELOEMANDA, ULUNDA, TUBBI, BOTTENG-TAPPALANG, AWO-SUMAKUYU, KADO) [ULM] 30,000 including 18,000 in Polmas and Majene (1986 SIL). South Sulawesi, Majene, Mamuju, and Polewali-Mamasa districts. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu. Dialects: SONDOANG, TAPPALANG, BOTTENG. About 6 dialects. Intelligibility testing needed among dialects and between other related languages (Aralle-Tabulahan, Pannei, Pitu Ulunna Salu). Lexical similarity 75% to 80% with dialects of Pitu Ulunna Salu, Aralle-Tabulahan, Pannei. Muslim.
UMA (PIPIKORO, UMA ARIA, OEMA) [PPK] 20,000, including 15,000 in the region, 5,000 outside (1990 M. Martens SIL); 500 in Benggaulu (1990 SIL). The valley of the Koro-Lariang River in central Sulawesi; Kulawi Subdistrict; 32 villages. Bana dialect in south Sulawesi, enclave within the Seko Padang dialect area, Kabupaten Luwu. Benggaulu is in south Sulawesi, south Pasangkayu District, Mamuju Subdistrict. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Kaili-Pamona, Kaili. Dialects: BANAHU (ARIA), KANTEWU (BENGGAULU), PEANA, TOLEE', WINANTU-GIMPU, TOBAKU (DOMPA, OMPA), BANA. Access to Benggaulu by sea and foot, to other dialects by road and foot. Sarudu may be inherently intelligible with Uma. Grammar. Swidden agriculturalists. Christian over, Muslim (Benggaulu). Bible portions 1984-1989. Work in progress.
WARU (MOPUTE, MAPUTE) [WRU] 350 (1991 SIL). Southeast Sulawesi, Kendari District, Asera Subdistrict, Mopute village by the Lindu River. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Bungku-Mori-Tolaki, Tolaki. Dialects: WARU, LALOMERUI. Waru dialect has 86% lexical similarity with Lalomerui, 79% with Tolaki dialects and Mekongga, 70% with Rahambuu and Kodeoha, 54% with the Mori and Bungku groups. Intelligibility testing is needed with Tolaki. Muslim. Survey needed.
WAWONII (WOWONII) [WOW] 22,000, including 14,000 Wawonii, 7,500 Menui (1991 D. Mead SIL). Southeast Sulawesi, Wawonii and Menui islands near Kendari. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Central, Bungku-Mori-Tolaki, Bungku. Dialects: WAWONII, MENUI. 75% lexical similarity with Bungku and Tulambatu; 66% with Taloki, Kulisusu, and Koroni; 65% with Moronene. Muslim. Survey needed.
WOLIO (BAUBAU, BUTON, BUTUNG, BUTONESE, BOETONEEZEN) [WLO] 25,000 to 35,000 (1990). Southwestern part of Buton Island in Bau-Bau and surrounding communities, southeast Sulawesi. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Muna-Buton, Buton. Wolio is the former court language of the Sultan at Baubau and a few surrounding communities, and formerly used by the nobility in the region. Official regional language. It had an Arabic based script. The name 'Buton' is usually used generically inside southeast Sulawesi to refer to Wolio; outside southeast Sulawesi it refers to people from southeast Sulawesi, or is sometimes confused with Bajau people as sailors. 61% lexical similarity with Cia-Cia, 60% with Masiri and Lantoi. Dialect survey is needed in south and central Buton, Bungi, Sorawolio, Kapontori, Pasar Wajo, Sampolawa, Betoambari, and Batauga districts. Trade language. Muslim.
WOTU [WTW] 5,000 (1987 C. and B. D. Grimes SIL). South Sulawesi, town of Wotu, Wotu Subdistrict, Luwu District. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Muna-Buton, Buton. Access by road. Bugis-Luwu is the dominant language. 58% lexical similarity with Wolio, 53% with Barang-Barang (Laiyolo), average 43% with South Sulawesi Group, 43% with Kaili-Pamona Subgroup, 41% with Seko Padang, 39% with Tae' Luwu, 36% to 43% with Bungku-Mori-Tolaki Subgroup, 37% with Toraja-Sa'dan, 33% with Bugis, 31% with Rampi, 25% with Lemolang. Bugis and Indonesian used as second languages. Levels of bilingualism in Wotu, Indonesian are 0:0%, 1:8%, 2:83%, 3:9%, 4:0%, 5:0%. Muslim.
Part of the Ethnologue, 13th Edition, Barbara F. Grimes, Editor.
Copyright © 1996, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Inc. All rights reserved.
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