Republic of Peru, República del Peru. 25,123,000 (1995). Literacy rate 67% to 79%. Also includes Chinese 100,000. Information mainly from SIL 1995. Christian, traditional religion, secular. Blind population 30,000. Deaf institutions: 73 or more. Data accuracy estimate: A1, A2. The number of languages listed for Peru is 108. Of those, 96 are living languages and 12 are extinct.
ABISHIRA (ABIQUIRA, AUISHIRI, AGOUISIRI, AVIRXIRI, ABIGIRA, IXIGNOR, VACACOCHA, TEQURACA) [ASH] In 1925 there were 55 to 75 speakers. Puerto Elvira on Lake Vacacocha on the Napo River. Unclassified. Distinct from Aushiri (M. R. Wise SIL 1987). Extinct.
ACHUAR-SHIWIAR (ACHUAR, ACHUAL, ACHUARA, ACHUALE, JIVARO, MAINA) [ACU] 3,000 to 3,500 in Peru; 2,000 in Ecuador (1981 G. Fast SIL); 5,000 to 5,500 total. Morona, Macusari, Tigre, Huasaga, and Corrientes rivers. Jivaroan, Shuar. Different from Shuar (Jivaro) of Ecuador. 10% to 30% literate in Achuar-Shiwiar. Typology: SOV. Levels of bilingualism in Spanish are 0:90%, 1:6%, 2:3%, 3:1%, 4:0%, 5:0%. NT 1981. Bible portions 1973-1979.
AGUANO (UGUANO, AGUANU, AWANO, SANTA CRUCINO) [AGA] In 1959 there were 40 families in Santa Cruz de Huallaga who did not use Aguano but were members of the ethnic group. Lower Huallaga and upper Samiria rivers, the right bank tributary of the Marañon River. Unclassified. Ruhlen says this is the same as Chamicuro (1987, personal communication). Chamicuro speakers say they were not the same, but the Aguano spoke Quechua (M. R. Wise SIL 1987, personal communication). Extinct.
AGUARUNA (AGUAJUN, AHUAJUN) [AGR] 25,000 to 30,000 (1991 SIL). Western upper Marañon River area, Potro, Mayo and Cahuapanas rivers. Jivaroan, Shuar. 50% to 75% literate. Typology: SOV. Levels of bilingualism in Spanish are 0:35%, 1:20%, 2:20%, 3:15%, 4:9.9%, 5:.1%. Mountain slope. Swidden agriculturalists: manioc, bananas, peanuts, wild potatoes; hunter-gatherers. Altitude: 200 to 1,000 meters. NT 1973. Bible portions 1942-1971.
AMAHUACA (AMAWAKA, AMAGUACO, AMEUHAQUE, IPITINERI, SAYACO) [AMC] 500 in Peru; 220 in Brazil (1995 SIL); 720 in both countries. Sepahua, Curiuja, Upper Ucayali, Inuya, Mapuya, and Purus rivers. Panoan, South-Central, Amahuaca. Closest to Cashinahua. 10% can speak Spanish fairly well, 10% speak limited Spanish. 5% to 10% literate. Typology: SOV. Hunters, fishermen, agriculturalists. Bible portions 1963-1992. Work in progress.
AMARAKAERI (AMARAKAIRE, AMARACAIRE, "MASHCO") [AMR] 500 (1987 SIL). Madre de Dios and Colorado rivers. Arawakan, Harakmbet. Dialect: KISAMBAERI. The Harakmbet languages are probably not within Arawakan. "Mashco" is a derogatory term. Ethnic subgroups: Kochimberi, Küpondirideri, Wíntaperi, Wakitaneri, Kareneri. 5% to 15% literate. Typology: SOV. Levels of bilingualism in Spanish are 0:20%, 1:30%, 2:40%, 3:5%, 4:5%, 5:0%. Gold panners. NT 1986. Bible portions 1972-1976.
AMUESHA (AMUESE, AMUEIXA, AMOISHE, AMAGUES, AMAGE, OMAGE, AMAJO, LORENZO, AMUETAMO, AMAJE, YANESHA') [AME] 4,000 to 8,000 (1986 SIL). Central and eastern Pasco region and Junín, western jungle, headwaters of the Pachitea and Perene rivers. Arawakan, Maipuran, Western Maipuran. The people prefer to be called 'Yanesha'. 15% to 25% literate. Typology: VSO. Levels of bilingualism in Spanish are 0:5%, 1:15%, 2:40%, 3:20%, 4:10%, 5:10%. NT 1978. Bible portions 1956-1975.
ANDOA (SHIMIGAE, SEMIGAE, GAE, GAYE) [ANB] 5 speakers (1975 SIL). Pastaza River. None in Ecuador. Zaparoan. Speakers are bilingual in Spanish and Pastaza Quechua. Integrated with the Quechua. The other ethnic Andoa are monolingual Quechua speakers. A distinct language from Záparo (Kayapwe) of Ecuador, which is now extinct in Peru. Nearly extinct.
ARABELA (CHIRIPUNO, CHIRIPUNU) [ARL] 150 speakers out of 300 population (1989 SIL). Arabela River, tributary of Napo. Zaparoan. 50% to 75% literate. Typology: SOV. Levels of bilingualism in Quechua, Spanish for Quechua: 0:0%, 1:0%, 2:20%, 3:60%, 4:20%, 5:0%; Spanish: 0:0%, 1:20%, 2:40%, 3:30%, 4:10%, 5:0%. NT 1986. Bible portions 1965-1977.
ATSAHUACA (YAMIACA) [ATC] In 1904 there were 20 speakers. Carama River, tributary of Tambopata, and Chaspa River, tributary of Inambari. Panoan, North-Central. Extinct.
AUSHIRI (AUXIRA) [AUS] Tributaries of the right bank of the Napo River, Escuelacocha. Zaparoan. Similar to Arabela. Distinct from Abishira (M. R. Wise SIL 1987). Extinct.
AYMARA, CENTRAL [AYM] 350,320 Aymara in Peru (1987 Cerrón-Palomino); 2,200,000 in all countries. Lake Titicaca area, Puno. Also in Bolivia (primarily), Chile, Argentina. Aymaran. Lupaca is the main literary dialect. Bible 1987-1993. NT 1954-1977. Bible portions 1829-1966.
AYMARA, SOUTHERN [AYC] From Lake Titicaca toward ocean. Aymaran. Some important verb forms and vocabulary differences from Central Aymara. Dialect intelligibility needs investigation in Tacna and Moquegua (P. Landerman 1984). Limited bilingualism. Survey needed.
BORA [BOA] 1,000 to 1,500 in Peru; 500 in Colombia (1981 SIL); 1,500 to 2,000 total. No speakers out of 457 members of the Miraña ethnic group in Brazil (1986 SIL). Northeast Yaguasyacu, Putumayo, Ampiyacu River area, five villages in Peru. Witotoan, Boran. Dialect: MIRAÑA. A distinct language from Bora Muinane but related. 94% intelligibility with Miraña. 25% to 50% literate. Typology: SOV. NT 1982. Bible portions 1962-1976.
CAHUARANO [CAH] 5 (1976 SIL). Nanay River. Zaparoan. Speakers are middle-aged or older. It may be extinct. Nearly extinct.
CAMPA, APURUCAYALI ASHÉNINCA (APURUCAYALI CAMPA, ASHÉNINCA) [CPC] 5,000 (1995 SIL). Apurucayali tributary of the Pachitea River. Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Campa. Not intelligible with other Campa languages. Typology: VSO.
CAMPA, ASHÁNINCA [CNI] 15,000 to 18,000 (1981 SIL). Total Campa: 27,800 to 45,000 (1991 Adelaar). Apurimac, Ene, Perene, Tambo Rivers and tributaries. Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Campa. Closely related to other Campa and Machiguenga. 15% to 25% literate. Typology: VSO. Swidden agriculturalists: manioc, hunter-gatherers. NT 1972. Bible portions 1960-1969.
CAMPA, PAJONAL ASHÉNINCA (ATSIRI) [CJO] 2,000 to 4,000 (1986 SIL). Central Gran Pajonal area and western headwaters of the Ucayali River. Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Campa. Below 5% literate. Typology: VSO. Levels of bilingualism in Spanish are 0:79%, 1:15%, 2:5%, 3:.5%, 4:.5%, 5:0%. Bible portions 1976-1986. Work in progress.
CAMPA, PERENÉ ASHÉNINCA (PERENÉ CAMPA) [CPP] 9,000 (1995 SIL). Perené tributary of the Pachitea River. Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Campa. Not intelligible with other Campa languages. Typology: VSO.
CAMPA, PICHIS ASHÉNINCA (PICHIS CAMPA, ASHÉNINCA) [CPU] 3,000 to 5,000 (1986 SIL). Pichis and Sheshea tributaries of the Pachitea River. Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Campa. Not intelligible with other Campa languages. 15% to 25% literate. Typology: VSO. Levels of bilingualism in Spanish are 0:40%, 1:25%, 2:20%, 3:10%, 4:3%, 5:2%. NT in press (1996). Bible portions 1982-1987.
CAMPA, UCAYALI-YURUA ASHÉNINCA [CPB] 7,000 in Peru (1995 SIL); 212 to 235 in Brazil (1986 SIL). Tributaries of the Ucayali River. Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Campa. Not intelligible with other Campa varieties. Typology: VSO.
CANDOSHI-SHAPRA (KANDOSHI, CANDOSHI, CANDOXI, MURATO) [CBU] 3,000 (1981 SIL). Morona, Pastaza, Huitoyacu and Chapuli rivers. Jivaroan, Candoshi. Dialects: CHAPARA (SHAPRA), KANDOASHI. Limited bilingualism in Spanish; strong preference for Candoshi. May be distantly related to Arawakan; probably not Jivaroan. 15% to 25% literate. Typology: SOV. Levels of bilingualism in Spanish are 0:88.5%, 1:10%, 2:1%, 3:.5%, 4:0%, 5:0%. NT 1979-1991. Bible portions 1958-1977.
CAPANAHUA (KAPANAWA) [KAQ] 350 to 500 (1981 SIL). Tapiche-Buncuya rivers area. Panoan, North-Central. Dialect: PAHENBAQUEBO. Closest language is Shipibo. All are somewhat bilingual in Spanish. Use of Spanish to Capanahua by Capanahua can be interpreted as rejecting the other as an outsider. 5% to 15% literate. Typology: SOV. Levels of bilingualism in Spanish are 0:0%, 1:0%, 2:15%, 3:50%, 4:30%, 5:5%. NT 1978. Bible portions 1968-1973.
CAQUINTE (CAQUINTE CAMPA, POYENISATI, "CACHOMASHIRI") [COT] 200 to 300 (1981 SIL). Poyeni, Mayapo, and Picha rivers. Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Campa. "Cachomashiri" is a derogatory name. Closest to Asháninca Campa. The Caquinte do not like to be called 'Campa'. Almost none can converse at all in Spanish. Quite a few are bilingual in Machiguenga; some in Asháninca. Below 30% to 60% literate in Caquinte. Typology: VSO. Levels of bilingualism in Machiguenga are 0:85%, 1:5%, 2:8%, 3:2%, 4:0%, 5:0%. Bible portions 1984-1991. Work in progress.
CASHIBO-CACATAIBO (CAXIBO, CACIBO, CACHIBO, CAHIVO, MANAGUA, HAGUETI) [CBR] 1,000 to 1,500 (1981 SIL). Aguaytia and San Alejandro rivers. Panoan, Western. Dialects: CACATAIBO, CASHIBO. 15% to 25% literate. Typology: SOV. Levels of bilingualism in Spanish are 0:34%, 1:24%, 2:22%, 3:12%, 4:6%, 5:2%. NT 1978. Bible portions 1964-1975.
CASHINAHUA (KAXINAWÁ, KAXYNAWA, CAXINAWA, CAXINAWÁ) [CBS] 850 to 1,200 in Peru; 775 in Brazil (1986 SIL); 1,600 to 2,000 total. Curanja and Purus rivers. Panoan, Southeastern. Dialect: SHEMINAHUA. It may be closest to Sharanahua. 5% to 15% literate. Typology: SOV. Tropical forest. NT 1980. Bible portions 1971-1977.
CHAMICURO (CHAMICURA, CHAMICOLO) [CCC] 5 speakers (1987) out of ethnic population of 100 to 150 (1976 SIL). Pampa Hermosa on a tributary of Huallaga. Arawakan, Maipuran, Western Maipuran. Ruhlen says Aguano is the same as this (1987, personal communication). Chamicuro speakers say it was different (SIL 1987). Nearly extinct.
CHAYAHUITA (CHAYAWITA, CHAWI, TSHAAHUI, CHAYHUITA, CHAYABITA, SHAYABIT, BALSAPUERTINO, PARANAPURA, CAHUAPA) [CBT] 6,000 (1981 SIL). Paranapura, Cahuapanas, Sillay and Shanusi rivers. Cahuapanan. Dialects: CHAYAHUITA, CAHUAPANA. Very slight intelligibility with Jebero. Limited bilingualism in Spanish. 5% to 15% literate. Typology: SOV. Levels of bilingualism in Spanish are 0:60%, 1:20%, 2:10%, 3:6%, 4:3%, 5:1%. NT 1978. Bible portions 1964-1975.
CHOLON (TINGANESES, SEEPTSA) [CHT] 1 or 2 speakers left (1986). Valley of the Huallaga River from Tingo María to Valle. Unclassified. Many speak Quechua. Ruhlen says it is Andean. Nearly extinct.
COCAMA-COCAMILLA (COCAMA, KOKAMA, UCAYALI, XIBITAOAN, HUALLAGA, PAMPADEQUE, PANDEQUEBO) [COD] Only older speakers left out of 15,000 to 18,000 in ethnic group in Peru (1981 SIL); 20 in Colombia; 176 in the ethnic group in Brazil (1986 SIL). Northeastern lower Ucayali, lower Marañon and Huallaga rivers area. Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Tupi (III). Dialects: COCAMILLA, COCAMA. Closest to Omagua. Speakers in Peru are bilingual in Spanish. Those in Brazil use only Portuguese. Typology: SOV. Levels of bilingualism in Spanish are 0:0%, 1:0%, 2:2%, 3:28%, 4:60%, 5:10%. Bible portions 1961-1967.
COGAPACORI [COX] 125 to 250 (1991 SIL). Near the Machiguenga. Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Campa. Probably needs literature adapted from Machiguenga. They have remained separate from the Machiguenga. Survey needed.
CULINA (MADIJA, MADIHÁ, KULINA, KULINO, KOLLINA, KURINA, KULYNA) [CUL] 150 to 400 in Peru (1977 SIL); 865 in Brazil (1995 SIL); 1,000 to 1,265 in both countries. Southeast, near Brazilian border, upper Purus and Santa Rosa rivers. Arawakan, Arauan. The Arawan languages probably are not Arawakan. 5% to 15% literate. Typology: SOV. Levels of bilingualism in Spanish are 0:78%, 1:10%, 2:5%, 3:5%, 4:1.5%, 5:.5%. Bible portions 1965-1985. Work in progress.
ESE EJJA (ESE EXA, TIATINAGUA, TAMBOPATA-GUARAYO, HUARAYO, ESE EJA, "CHAMA", ESE'EJJA) [ESE] 250 to 400 in Peru, 600 to 650 in Bolivia (1981 SIL). Tambopata and Heath rivers around Maldonado. Tacanan, Tiatinagua. The Tambopata dialect in Peru is somewhat different. Almost all in Peru are bilingual. "Chama" is a derogatory name. Typology: SOV. NT 1984. Bible portions 1967-1981.
HIBITO (JIBITO, CHIBITO, ZIBITO, IBITO, XIBITA) [HIB] In 1851 there were 500. Bobonaje River, tributary of Jelache, tributary of Huayabamba, coming into Huallaga on the left side. Unclassified. Extinct.
HUACHIPAERI (HUACHIPAIRE, WACIPAIRE, "MASHCO") [HUG] 130 to 215 including about 12 Sapiteri, 10 Toyeri, 20 Arasairi, 50 Manuquiari, 36 to 50 Pukirieri (Puncuri) (1981 SIL). Upper Madre de Dios and Keros rivers. Arawakan, Harakmbet. Dialects: HUACHIPAIRE, SAPITERI, TOYERI (TOYOERI, TUYUNERI), ARASAIRI. Closely related to Amarakaeri but they probably cannot use the same literature. The Sapiteri are integrating with the Amarakaeri. Toyeri is similar to Sapiteri. Some Kisambaeri (Amarakaeri dialect) have integrated with the Toyeri and others with the Sapiteri. Manuquiari may be a subgroup of Toyeri or Huachipaeri. Pukirieri may be a subgroup of Toyeri or Arasairi. Arasairi is distinct from Amarakaeri or Huachipaeri; similar to Sapiteri. Speakers are somewhat bilingual in Spanish. "Mashco" is a derogatory name. Typology: SOV. Survey needed.
HUAMBISA (HUAMBIZA, WAMBISA) [HUB] 6,000 to 10,000 (1991 SIL). Morona and Santiago rivers. Jivaroan, Shuar. 25% to 50% literate. Typology: SOV. Levels of bilingualism in Spanish are 0:20%, 1:25%, 2:25%, 3:20%, 4:9%, 5:1%. Hunter-gatherers. NT 1975. Bible portions 1965-1971.
HUITOTO, MI+NI+CA (MI+NI+CA WITOTO) [HTO] 5 in Peru, 1,700 in Colombia (1995 SIL). Witotoan, Witoto, Witoto Proper, Mi+ni+ca-Murui. NT 1985. Bible portions 1973.
HUITOTO, MURUI (BUE, WITOTO) [HUU] 1,000 in Peru (1995 SIL), 1,900 in Colombia (1995 SIL); 2,900 in all countries. Ampiyacu, Putumayo, and Napo rivers. None left in Brazil. Witotoan, Witoto, Witoto Proper, Mi+ni+ca-Murui. 95% of those under 40 are literate. 90% of those under 50 are fairly bilingual. Huitoto has more prestige in Colombia than in Peru. 15% to 25% literate. Typology: SOV. Levels of bilingualism in Spanish are 0:1%, 1:9%, 2:45%, 3:35%, 4:9%, 5:1%. NT 1978. Bible portions 1963-1980.
HUITOTO, NI+PODE (NI+PODE WITOTO, MUINANE HUITOTO) [HUX] 100 possibly (1991 SIL). Witotoan, Witoto, Witoto Proper, Ni+pode. The people are bilingual in Mi+ni+ca Huitoto or Murui Huitoto. Bible portions 1961.
IÑAPARI (INAMARI) [INA] 25 speakers (1995 SIL). Piedras River, at the mouth of Sabaluyo, near Puerto Maldonado. Extinct in Bolivia. Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Purus. All are reported to be bilingual in Spanish. Nearly extinct.
IQUITO (IQUITA, IKITO, AMACACORE, HAMACORE, QUITURRAN, PUCA-UMA) [IQU] 150. Northern Nanay River area. Zaparoan. Widespread use of Spanish. Bible portions 1963.
ISCONAHUA (ISCOBAQUEBU) [ISC] 28 to 50 (1976 SIL). Callaria River. Panoan, North-Central. Most closely related to Shipibo. They live close to the Shipibo and are bilingual in Shipibo. Nearly extinct.
JAQARU (HAQEARU, HAQARU, HAQ'ARU, ARU) [JQR] 2,000 (1987 J. L. Rivarola); Cauqui dialect is nearly extinct. Lima Department, Yauyos Province, Tupe village (Jaqaru) and Cachuy village (Cauqui). Aymaran. Dialect: CAUQUI (KAWKI, CACHUY). A few monolinguals; all women. Most are bilingual in Spanish. Jaqaru has 73% lexical similarity with Aymara; Kawki 79% with Aymara. Survey needed.
JEBERO (XEBERO, CHEBERO, XIHUILA) [JEB] 2,300 to 3,000 (1976 SIL). District of Jeberos. Cahuapanan. Widespread use of Spanish. Bible portions 1959.
MACHIGUENGA (MATSIGANGA, MATSIGENKA, MAÑARIES) [MCB] 6,000 to 8,000 (1981 SIL). Urubamba, Camisea, Picha, Manu, Timpia, Tigompinia, Kompiroshiato, and Mishagua rivers. Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Campa. Closest to Nomatsiguenga. There are minor dialects. 25% to 50% literate. Typology: VSO. Levels of bilingualism in Spanish are 0:60%, 1:25%, 2:8.3%, 3:4.6%, 4:1.6%, 5:.5%. NT 1976. Bible portions 1956-1974.
MASHCO PIRO (CUJARENO, CUJAREÑO, "MASHCO") [CUJ] 20 to 100 speakers (1976 SIL). Manu Park, Dept. of Madre de Dios. Cujar, Purus, Tahuamanu, Mishagua, and Piedras rivers. Extinct in Bolivia. Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Purus. Highly nomadic. About 60% inherent intelligibility with Piro. All are completely monolingual. "Mashco" is a derogatory term.
MATSÉS (MAYORUNA, MAXURUNA, MAJURUNA, MAYIRUNA, MAXIRONA, MAGIRONA, MAYUZUNA) [MCF] 800 in Peru; 483 in Brazil (1995 SIL); 1,285 in both countries. Yaquerana. Panoan, Northern. Different from Mayo, or Maya and Marubo of Brazil. 5% to 15% literate. Typology: SOV. Levels of bilingualism in Spanish are 0:97%, 1:3%, 2:0%, 3:0%, 4:0%, 5:0%. NT 1993. Bible portions 1976-1988.
MORUNAHUA (FOREDAFA, HORUDAHUA, HORUNAHUA) [MNY] 150 approximately. Headwaters of the Embira River. They may be in Brazil (Moronawa, Borodawa). Panoan, Southeastern. Contact is not established. Hostile. Possibly the Nishinahua or Paconahua, or a dialect of Yaminahua. The Yaminahua say they understand them, but as enemies, they are considered a distinct group. Survey needed.
MUINANE (MUINANA, MUINANI, MUENAME) [BMR] A few in Peru; 150 in Colombia (1982 SIL). Witotoan, Boran. Not to be confused with Muinane Huitoto. All in Peru are bilingual in Bora or Witotoan languages. NT 1981. Bible portions 1969.
MUNICHE (OTANAVE, OTANABE, MUNICHINO, MUNICHI) [MYR] 3 (1988 SIL). Town of Muniches on the Paranapura River. Unclassified. Bachelor of arts thesis on morphology 1988. Nearly extinct.
NOCAMAN (NOCOMAN) [NOM] In 1925 there were 3 speakers. Headwaters of the Inuya River, Amueya River, Tamaya River. Panoan, Western. May have been a dialect of Cashibo. Extinct.
NOMATSIGUENGA (NOMATSIGUENGA CAMPA, ATIRI) [NOT] 2,500 to 4,000 (1976 SIL). South central Junín region. Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Campa. Closely related to other Campa and Machiguenga. 25% to 50% literate. Typology: VSO. Levels of bilingualism in Spanish, Asháninca Campa for Spanish: 0:5%, 1:15%, 2:30%, 3:25%, 4:20%, 5:5%; Asháninca Campa: 0:5%, 1:10%, 2:15%, 3:20%, 4:25%, 5:25%. NT 1980. Bible portions 1969-1977.
OCAINA (OKAINA) [OCA] 150 to 250 in Peru (1982 SIL), 3 or 4 families in Colombia (1976 SIL). Yaguasyacu, Ampuyacu, and Putumayo rivers, northeastern Peru. Witotoan, Witoto, Ocaina. Dialects: DUKAIYA, IBO'TSA. Speakers are bilingual in Murui Huitoto, Bora, or Spanish. Bible portions 1964-1971.
OMAGUA (OMAGUA-YETE, ARIANA, PARIANA, ANAPIA, MACANIPA, KAMBEBA, YHUATA, UMAUA, CAMBEBA, CAMPEBA, CAMBELA, CANGA-PEBA, AGUA) [OMG] 10 to 100 in Peru (1976 SIL). Omaguas near Iquitos. There may be none left in Brazil (1995). Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Tupi (III). In Peru all are bilingual in Spanish or Cocama. Closest to Cocama. Nearly extinct.
OMURANO (HUMURANA, ROAMAINA, NUMURANA, UMURANO, MAYNA) [OMU] Zaparoan. Became extinct by 1958.
OREJÓN (COTO, KOTO, PAYAGUA, MAI JA, OREGON, ORECHON, TUTAPI) [ORE] 190 to 300 (1976 SIL). Yanayacu, Sucusari, Algodon, and Putumayo Rivers. Tucanoan, Western Tucanoan, Southern. Dialect: NEBAJI. Speakers are bilingual in Spanish. Bible portions 1967-1976.
PANOBO (MANOA, PANO, PANA, PELADO, WARIAPANO, HUARIAPANO) [PNO] The last speaker died in March 1991; 100 to 200 in 1925. Along the Ucayali River and mixed with the Shetebo. There are some reports of others. Panoan, Unclassified. Data obtained January 1991. Not a Shipibo-Conibo dialect. Extinct.
PERUVIAN SIGN LANGUAGE [PRL] Deaf sign language. There are over 70 deaf schools, but the oralist method is used by most in the classroom. The majority of students use sign language outside the classroom. The sign language used in the schools is different from what adults use outside. There is a manual alphabet for spelling. There is a government TV program. Dictionary.
PIRO (PIRRO, PIRA, SIMIRINCHE, SIMIRANCH, CONTAQUIRO) [PIB] 1,500 to 2,000 (1991 SIL). East central Urubamba River area. Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Purus. Machinére in Brazil is different enough to need separate literature. 50% to 75% literate. Typology: SOV. NT 1960. Bible portions 1949-1956.
PISABO (PISAGUA, PISAHUA) [PIG] Between the Tapíche and Blanco rivers. Panoan, Northern. Isolated. No contact from outside. Need to investigate intelligibility with Matsés or other Panoan languages. Survey needed.
QUECHUA, ANCASH, CHIQUIAN [QEC] 25,000 (1993 SIL). Southeast Ancash Department, Bolognesi Province, Chiquian District. Quechuan, Quechua I. 95% cognate with Ocros, 94% with La Unión and Cajatambo. Possibly intelligible with Cajatambo. Rural areas are predominately monolingual. 5% to 15% literate. Typology: SOV. Survey needed.
QUECHUA, ANCASH, CONCHUCOS, NORTHERN (CONCHUCOS QUECHUA, NORTHERN CONCHUCOS QUECHUA) [QED] 200,000 or fewer, including 65,000 monolinguals (1994 census). East Ancash Department, Pomabamba to San Luis, and Huacrachuco in northwest Huánuco Department. May include a small part of the northern Marañon area. Quechuan, Quechua I. Rural areas are predominantly monolingual. Related to South Conchucos, Huamalíes, Sihuas. 15% to 25% literate. Typology: SOV. Bible portions 1990-1995. Work in progress.
QUECHUA, ANCASH, CONCHUCOS, SOUTHERN (CONCHUCOS QUECHUA, SOUTHERN CONCHUCOS QUECHUA) [QEH] 250,000 or fewer, including 80,000 monolinguals (1994 census). East Ancash Department, Chavín to San Luis to Llamellín in East Ancash Department, and Huacaybamba in northwest Huánuco Department. May include much of the southern Marañon area. Quechuan, Quechua I. Rural areas are predominantly monolingual. Related to North Conchucos, Huamalíes, Huaylas. 15% to 25% literate. Typology: SOV. Bible portions 1992-1995. Work in progress.
QUECHUA, ANCASH, CORONGO [QEE] 15,000 (1991 SIL). Northern Ancash Department, Sihuas and Corongo areas. Quechuan, Quechua I. Most closely related to Huaylas and Sihuas. Limited bilingualism. 5% to 15% literate. Typology: SOV.
QUECHUA, ANCASH, HUAYLAS [QAN] 300,000 possibly (1993 SIL). Central Ancash Department, provinces of Huaraz, Carhuaz, Caras; in the Callejón de Huaylas. Quechuan, Quechua I. Dialects: HUARAZ, YUNGAY, HUAILAS (HUAYLAS). Rural areas are predominantly monolingual. Speakers use Spanish to communicate with Quechua speakers from Huánuco and Tarma because of differences in speech. Parker says it is not intelligible with Cuzco, Ayacucho, Southern Junín (Huanca), Cajamarca, Amazonas (Chachapoyas), or San Martín. 25% to 50% literate. Typology: SOV. Bible portions 1946-1990. Work in progress.
QUECHUA, ANCASH, SIHUAS [QES] 10,000 (1991 SIL). Ancash Department. Quechuan, Quechua I. 5% to 15% literate. Survey needed.
QUECHUA, APURIMAC [QEA] Ayamaraes, Chuquibambilla, and Anda provinces. Quechuan, Quechua II, C. Different from Cuzco Quechua and Ayacucho Quechua. Bible portions 1974. Survey needed.
QUECHUA, AYACUCHO (CHANKA) [QUY] 1,000,000 (1976 Soto Ruiz). Southwestern Ayacucho region. Quechuan, Quechua II, C. Dialects: ANDAHUAYLAS, HUANCAVELICA. 96% lexical similarity with Surcubamba, Puquio, and Cuzco. 25% to 50% literate. Typology: SOV. Levels of bilingualism in Spanish are 0:31%, 1:20%, 2:20%, 3:20%, 4:8%, 5:1%. Bible 1987. NT 1958-1987. Bible portions 1954-1985.
QUECHUA, CAJAMARCA [QNT] 35,000 (1981 D. Coombs SIL). Cajamarca, Chetilla, and Los Baños districts. Quechuan, Quechua II, A. Dialect differences are minor. 94% lexical similarity with Lambayeque (closest), 92% with Pacaraos, Tarma. Probably 30% monolingual. Strong Quechua use in Chetilla and Porcón. 15% to 25% literate. Typology: SOV. Levels of bilingualism for Standard Spanish: 0:30%, 1:10%, 2:15%, 3:25%, 4:15%, 5:5%; Peasant Spanish: 0:15%, 1:20%, 2:10%, 3:15%, 4:30%, 5:10%. Bible portions 1985-1993. Work in progress.
QUECHUA, CHACHAPOYAS (AMAZONAS) [QUK] 3,000 to 5,000 (1976 SIL). Chachapoyas and Luya provinces, Amazonas Department. Quechuan, Quechua II, B. Dialects: LAMUD (WEST CHACHAPOYAS), GRENADA-MENDOZA (EAST CHACHAPOYAS), LA JALCA (SOUTH CHACHAPOYAS). Some are still monolingual but are becoming absorbed. In Conila it is reported that all ages speak Quechua. Closest to San Martín. 15% to 25% literate. Typology: SOV. Survey needed.
QUECHUA, CLASSICAL [QCL] Central Peru. Quechuan, Quechua II, C. Bible portions 1880. Extinct.
QUECHUA, COTAHUASI (AREQUIPA QUECHUA) [QAR] 16,000 (1972 census). Arequipa Department, La Unión Province, Cotahuasi District. Quechuan, Quechua II, C. Dialects: COTAHUASI, NORTHERN AREQUIPA, HIGHLAND AREQUIPA. Many monolinguals. Closer linguistically to Cuzco than to Ayacucho. Below 5% literate. Typology: SOV. Work in progress.
QUECHUA, CUZCO (CUSCO QUECHUA) [QUZ] 1,500,000 (1989 UBS). Central Cuzco, Arequipa regions. Quechuan, Quechua II, C. Dialect: CAYLLOMA QUECHUA. Some dialect differences, but not as distinct as elsewhere. Substantial phonological and morphological differences with Ayacucho Quechua. 25% to 50% literate. National language. Typology: SOV. Bible 1988. NT 1947-1971. Bible portions 1901-1965.
QUECHUA, HUANCA, HUAYLLA (SOUTHERN HUANCAYO QUECHUA) [QHU] 75,000 (1993 SIL). Southern Junín Department, Huancayo and Concepción provinces. Quechuan, Quechua I. Dialects: WAYCHA (HUAYCHA, CENTRAL HUANCAYO), EAST WAYLLA, WEST WAYLLA. Waycha dialect is nearly extinct in Concepción. Radio broadcasts. Below 5% literate. Typology: SOV. Bible portions 1991-1992. Work in progress.
QUECHUA, HUANCA, JAUJA (SHAUSHA WANKA QUECHUA) [QHJ] 14,549 to 31,501 (1962 census). Central Junín Department, Jauja Province. Quechuan, Quechua I. Considerable phonological differences with Tarma. Speakers are bilingual in Spanish. Typology: SOV.
QUECHUA, HUÁNUCO, HUALLAGA [QUB] 40,000 (1993 SIL). Northeast Huánuco Department, including the city of Huánuco. Quechuan, Quechua I. 66% monolingual. 15% to 25% literate. Typology: SOV. Bible portions 1917-1988. Work in progress.
QUECHUA, HUÁNUCO, HUAMALÍES-NORTHERN DOS DE MAYO [QEJ] 38,000 (1993 SIL). North central Huánuco Department. Quechuan, Quechua I. Dialects: MONZÓN, HUAMALIES, NORTHERN DOS DE MAYO. 96% lexical similarity with La Unión and Panao. Below 5% literate. Typology: SOV. Bible portions 1986-1992. Work in progress.
QUECHUA, HUÁNUCO, MARAÑON [QEL] 12,000 (1984 SIL); 9,000 monolingual (1972 census). Northwest Huánuco Department, districts of Huacrachuco, San Buenaventura, Pinra, Huancaybamba. Quechuan, Quechua I. Some communities of over 100 people are reported to be totally monolingual (1984 SIL). Below 5% literate. Typology: SOV. Survey needed.
QUECHUA, HUÁNUCO, PANAO (PACHITEA QUECHUA) [QEM] 17,540 including 10,000 monolinguals (1972 census). East central Huánuco Department. Quechuan, Quechua I. 98% lexical similarity with La Unión, 96% with Cajatambo. 15% to 25% literate. Typology: SOV. Bible portions. Work in progress.
QUECHUA, HUÁNUCO, SOUTHERN DOS DE MAYO-MARGOS CHAULÁN [QEI] 55,000 (1984 SIL), including 40,000 in Dos de Mayo, 15,000 in Margos-Chaulán; 15,000 monolinguals (1972 census). Southwest and south central Huánuco Department, Districts of La Union, Ripan, Huallanca, Sillapata, Yanas, Obas, Chuquis, Chupan, Cahuac, Chavinillo, Chacabamba, Jacas Chico, Rondos, San Francisco, Jivia, Banos, Queropalca. Quechuan, Quechua I. Dialects: SOUTHERN DOS DE MAYO, MARGOS CHAULÁN. 98% lexical similarity with Panao, 96% with Corongo (Ancash), Sihuas, Monzón, Tarma, Ulcumayo. Literature can be adapted from Huamalies. Below 5% literate. Typology: SOV. Bible portions 1987-1991. Work in progress.
QUECHUA, LAMBAYEQUE (FERREÑAFE) [QUF] 20,000 (1984 SIL). Lambayeque region, Incahuasi, Cañaris, and Miracosta districts, and the communities of Penachí and Santa Lucía, and in adjacent areas of other departments (Cajamarca, Piura). Quechuan, Quechua II, A. Dialects: INCAHUASI, CAÑARIS. 94% lexical similarity with Cajamarca. Below 5% literate. Typology: SOV. Bible portions 1992. Work in progress.
QUECHUA, NORTH JUNÍN (TARMA-JUNÍN QUECHUA, JUNÍN QUECHUA) [QJU] 40,000 including 7,000 monolinguals (1972 census). Northern Junín Department, districts of Junin, Carhuamayo, Ondores, San Pedro de Cajas, southeast of Pasco. Quechuan, Quechua I. There are two dialects in Tarma Province which differ from the town of Junin. 97% lexical similarity with Cajatambo, 96% with La Unión. Below 5% literate. Typology: SOV. Levels of bilingualism in Spanish are 0:30%, 1:20%, 2:10%, 3:10%, 4:25%, 5:5%. Mountain slope. Pastoralists, peasant agriculturalists. Bible portions 1954-1989. Work in progress.
QUECHUA, NORTH LIMA, CAJATAMBO [QNL] 16,525 (1974 SIL), including 7,650 in areas where Quechua is used by all ages, and 6,550 in others used by those ten years or older; 250 in Pacaraos mainly 40 years old and older. Northeast Lima Department, especially rural Oyon, Pachangara, Andajes, Maráy, Copa, Huanacapón, Jucul, Cajatambo; Pacaraos in east central Lima Department. Quechuan, Quechua I. Cajatambo has 97% lexical similarity with Andajes, 96% with La Unión and Panao, 95% with Monzón, 94% with Chiquián. Pacaraos has 94% lexical similarity with Huarí, Cajatambo, Tarma, Carás. Literature probably needs to be adapted from Ancash. 5% to 15% literate. Typology: SOV. Survey needed.
QUECHUA, PACAROAS [QCP] A few elderly speakers (1984 P. Adelaar). East central Lima Department, Pacaroas village. Quechuan, Quechua II, A. Divergent lexically, morphologically, and phonologically. By its archaic features it occupies an important position relative to the reconstruction of Proto-Quechua. 94% lexical similarity with Huarí, Cajatambo, Tarma, and Carás. Typology: SOV. Nearly extinct.
QUECHUA, PASCO-YANAHUANCA (DANIEL CARRION) [QUR] 20,500 (1972 census)). Pasco Department, sparsely populated high country and more densely populated valleys, districts of Yanahuanca, Villcabamba, Tapoc, Chacayan, Paucar, San Pedro de Pillao, Goyllarisquizqa. Quechuan, Quechua I. Closely related to Junín Quechua. Many dialects intersect here. Literature in two or three dialects will need adaptation with Tusi and Huariaca. Below 5% literate. Typology: SOV. Survey needed.
QUECHUA, PASCO, SANTA ANA DE TUSI [QEF] 10,000 (1993 SIL). Pasco Department, west of Huariaca. Quechuan, Quechua I. Typology: SOV. Survey needed.
QUECHUA, PASTAZA, SOUTHERN (INGA) [QUP] 1,000 to 4,000 (1981 SIL). Northern jungle, Anatico Lake, Pastaza and Huasaga rivers, and along the Urituyacu. Quechuan, Quechua II, B. Distinct from Northern Pastaza Quechua of Peru and Ecuador. 5% to 15% literate. Typology: SOV. Levels of bilingualism in Spanish are 0:60%, 1:20%, 2:10%, 3:10%, 4:0%, 5:0%. Bible portions 1981-1990. Work in progress.
QUECHUA, PUNO [QEP] Puno Department and adjacent areas. Quechuan, Quechua II, C. Differs from Cuzco Quechua in its borrowing of lexicon and morphology from Aymara. 25% to 50% literate. Survey needed.
QUECHUA, SAN MARTÍN (UCAYALI, LAMISTA, LAMISTO, LAMA, LAMANO, MOTILÓN) [QSA] 20,000 (1993 SIL). San Martín, Sisa, Lamas and other districts, and along parts of the Ucayali River. Quechuan, Quechua II, B. Several minor dialects. 50% to 75% literate. Typology: SOV. Levels of bilingualism in Spanish are 0:10%, 1:10%, 2:39%, 3:40%, 4:1%, 5:0%. Mountain valleys. Agriculturalists. NT 1992. Bible portions 1970-1986.
QUECHUA, SAN RAFAEL-HUARIACA (AMBO-PASCO QUECHUA) [QEG] 65,000 (1993 SIL). Ambo, southern Huánuco, western Cerro de Pasco departments; districts of San Rafael, Mosca, Ambo, Huanuco, Pallanchacra, Huariaca, Yarusyacan, Ticlacayan, Yanacancha. Quechuan, Quechua I. 35% monolingual in southern Huánuco. 25% to 50% literate. Typology: SOV. Bible portions 1993. Work in progress.
QUECHUA, YAUYOS [QUX] 18,950 (1974 SIL), including 3,800 in areas where Quechua is is used by all ages and 9,200 in others by teenage and older. Lima Department, Yauyos Province. Quechuan, Quechua II, A. Dialects: SAN PEDRO DE HUACARPANA, APURÍ, MADEAN-VIÑAC (MADEÁN), AZÁNGARO-HUANGÁSCAR-CHOCOS (HUANGÁSCAR), CACRA-HONGOS, TANA-LINCHA (LINCHA), TOMÁS-ALIS (ALIS), HUANCAYA-VITIS, LARAOS. Not a single language, but a cover term for a highly differentiated linguistic area with many one-village varieties, which will probably need separate materials. There are monolinguals. Below 5% literate. Typology: SOV. Survey needed.
QUICHUA, LOWLAND, NAPO (SANTA ROSA QUECHUA, SANTARROSINO, QUIXO, KICHO, QUIJO, NAPO, NAPO, YUMBO, LOWLAND NAPO QUICHUA) [QLN] 6,000 to 10,000 in Peru; 5,000 in Ecuador (1981 SIL); 11,000 to 15,000 total. Napo River region. Also communities on the Putumayo. Some were moved to Madre de Dios. Also in Colombia. Quechuan, Quechua II, B. Typology: SOV. Tropical forest. Bible portions 1972-1978. Work in progress.
QUICHUA, PASTAZA, NORTHERN (TIGRE QUECHUA, ALAMA, BOBONAZA) [QLB] 2,000 in Peru; 4,000 in Ecuador (1977 SIL); 6,000 total. Alamos, Tigre River. Quechuan, Quechua II, B. Distinct from Southern Pastaza Quechua. Tropical forest. NT 1992.
REMO (RHENO) [REM] Between the Tapiche and Calleria rivers. If they exist they are in Brazil at the headwaters of the Moa River; but there is no evidence of their existence in Brazil. Panoan, North-Central. Extinct.
RESÍGARO (RESÍGERO) [RGR] 14 (1976 SIL). Northeastern Peru, Loreto Department, in Bora and Ocaina villages. Arawakan, Maipuran, Northern Maipuran, Inland. Speakers are bilingual in Ocaina, Bora, Murui Huitoto, and Spanish. Nearly extinct.
SECOYA (ANGOTERO, ENCABELLADO) [SEY] 144 in Peru; 290 in Ecuador (1981 SIL); 434 total (1981 O. Johnson SIL). Northern Peru, Boca de Angusilla and Santa Marta, a small river off the Napo River near the Ecuador border. Tucanoan, Western Tucanoan, Northern, Siona-Secoya. Dialects: ANGOTERO, PIOJÉ. NT 1990. Bible portions 1969.
SENSI (SENTI, TENTI, MANANAHUA) [SNI] In 1925 there were 100. Right bank of the Ucayali River. Panoan, North-Central. Subgroups: Ynubu (Inubu), Runubu, Casca. Extinct.
SHARANAHUA [MCD] 500 to 600 in Peru (1989 SIL); 350 in Brazil (1986 SIL); 850 to 950 total. Upper Purus River area. Panoan, South-Central, Yaminahua-Sharanahua. Dialects: MARINAHUA (MARINAWA), CHANDINAHUA. 10% to 30% literate in Sharanahua. Typology: SOV. Levels of bilingualism in Spanish are 0:7%, 1:67%, 2:25%, 3:1%, 4:0%, 5:0%. NT in press (1996). Bible portions 1973-1981.
SHIPIBO-CONIBO [SHP] 11,300 to 15,000 (1976 SIL). Northeastern middle Ucayali River area. Panoan, North-Central. Dialects: SHIPIBO, CONIBO (CONIBA), PISQUIBO, SHETEBO (SETEBO, SETIBO, XITIBO, MANOITA). 15% to 25% literate. Levels of bilingualism in Spanish are 0:10%, 1:20%, 2:23%, 3:30%, 4:15%, 5:2%. NT 1983. Bible portions 1954-1976.
SPANISH (ESPAÑOL, CASTELLANO) [SPN] 20,000,000 in Peru (1995 estimate); 266,000,000 in all countries (1987 Time). Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Ibero-Romance. National language. Bible 1553-1979. NT 1543-1986. Bible portions 1514-1985.
SPANISH, LORETO-UCAYALI [SPQ] Loreto and Ucayali River areas. Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Ibero-Romance, North, Central. There are monolingual speakers. Some other speakers have limited understanding of colloquial standard Spanish. Survey needed.
TAUSHIRO (PINCHI, PINCHE) [TRR] 18 (1976 SIL). Off the Tigre River, Aucayacu River, tributary of the Ahuaruna River. Unclassified. Possibly Zaparoan. Ruhlen says it is related to Candoshi. Speakers are somewhat bilingual in Spanish or Bobonaza-Tigre Quechua. Typology: VSO. Selections 1976. Nearly extinct.
TICUNA (TIKUNA, TUKUNA) [TCA] 6,000 in Peru; 14,000 in Brazil; 5,000 in Colombia (1988 SIL); 25,000 in all countries. Northeastern Amazon River region, from Chimbote in Peru to San Antonio do Iça in Brazil. Language Isolate. 25% to 50% literate. Typology: SVO. Christian, traditional religion. NT 1986. Bible portions 1964-1975.
URARINA (SHIMACU, SIMACU, ITUCALI) [URA] 2,000 to 3,500 (1981 SIL). Urarinas District, Pucayacu, Chambira, and Urituyacu rivers. Unclassified. There are several dialects with minor differences, inherently intelligible. Women are monolingual. Men range from monolingual to fairly bilingual; the majority are able to handle commercial matters. Ruhlen and others classify it as Andean. Below 5% literate. Typology: OVS. Levels of bilingualism in Spanish are 0:60%, 1:20%, 2:10%, 3:7%, 4:3%, 5:0%. Bible portions 1973-1990. Work in progress.
YAGUA (YAHUA, LLAGUA, YAVA, YEGUA) [YAD] 3,000 to 4,000 in both countries (1981 SIL). Northeastern Amazon River region, from Iquitos to the Brazil border. Some occasionally go into Brazil. Some in Colombia. Peba-Yaguan. Two dialects. 15% of the speakers are bilingual in Spanish. 25% to 50% literate. Typology: VSO. Levels of bilingualism in Spanish are 0:50%, 1:20%, 2:15%, 3:10%, 4:.95%, 5:.05%. NT 1994. Bible portions 1964-1976.
YAMEO [YME] In 1925 there were 50. Marañon and Amazon rivers from the mouth of the Tigre to the Nanay River. Peba-Yaguan. Extinct.
YAMINAHUA (YAMINAWA, JAMINAWÁ, YUMINAHUA, YAMANAWA) [YAA] 700 to 1,100 in Peru, counting 200 to 300 Mastanahua (1981 SIL); 150 in Bolivia (1976 SIL); 357 in Brazil (1986 SIL); 1,200 to 1,600 in all countries. Huacapishtea and Mapuya. Panoan, South-Central, Yaminahua-Sharanahua. Dialect: MASTANAHUA. Subgroups: Masronahua (Masrodawa), Nishinahua (Nishidawa), Chitonahua (Chitodawa), Shaonahua (Shaodawa). Closest to Sharanahua. Below 5% literate. Typology: SOV. Levels of bilingualism in Spanish are 0:50%, 1:15%, 2:25%, 3:8%, 4:2%, 5:0%. Bible portions 1987-1992. Work in progress.
YORA (YURA, MANU PARK PANOAN, PARQUENAHUA, NAHUA) [MTS] 200 or more (1985 SIL). Manu Park, Panagua River. Some are outside of the Park on the Mishagua River. Panoan, South-Central, Yora. Close to Yaminahua and Sharanahua. Below 5% literate. Work in progress.
Part of the Ethnologue, 13th Edition, Barbara F. Grimes, Editor.
Copyright © 1996, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Inc. All rights reserved.
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