107,600,000 in Java (1993), 2,778,000 in Bali (1993). Data accuracy estimate: B. The number of languages listed for Indonesia, Java, Bali is 17.
BADUI [BAC] 5,000 (1989). West Java, Mount Kendeng, Kabupaten Rangkasbitung, Pandeglang, and Sukabumi. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sundic, Sundanese. Sometimes considered a dialect of Sunda. A separate socio-religious group. 'Inner' and 'outer' Badui refer to location and status within tribal religion. Traditional religion with Hindu or Buddhist influences. Survey needed.
BALI (BALINESE) [BZC] 3,800,000 (1993 Johnstone); 2.1% of the population (1987 UBS). Island of Bali, northern Nusapenida, western Lombok Islands, and east Java. 7,000 in south Sulawesi. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sundic, Bali-Sasak. Dialects: LOWLAND BALI (KLUNGKUNG, KARANGASEM, BULELENG, GIANYAR, TABANAN, JEMBRANA, BADUNG), HIGHLAND BALI ("BALI AGA"), NUSA PENIDA. Reported to be two distinct dialects: High Balinese is used in religion, but those who can handle it are diminishing. The term "Bali Aga" is considered derogatory by those who are called that. The variety spoken on Nusa Penida Island is associated with Bali Aga. It is a scattering of villages with minimal influence from the former Majapahit empire. There are speech strata in several lowland varieties (Clynes 1989, personal communication). Hindu. Bible 1990. NT 1978-1989. Bible portions 1910-1957.
BALI SIGN LANGUAGE [BQF] 2,200 in the village, out of 50 deaf people and 2,150 hearing people (1995 T. Friedman). The majority of the hearing people learn and use the sign language. 1 village. Deaf sign language. This might not be the correct name. Survey needed.
BETAWI (JAKARTA MALAY, BATAVI, BATAWI, MELAYU JAKARTE) [BEW] 2,700,000 (1993 Johnstone). Jakarta, Java. Creole, Malay based. 'A Malay based creole which is quite distinct from both standard Indonesian and from other Malay-based pidgins and creoles.' It had evolved by the mid 19th century. Unique phonological, morphological, and lexical traits. There are also influences from Peranakan Chinese and Bali. Often not intelligible to Indonesian speakers not familiar with it. Functions as a 'low' variety in a diglossic situation, but is a prestige variety when used by the upper class. There are several grammars and other studies. The people are called 'Betawi Asli' or 'Betawi' (R.B. Allen, Jr. 1989). Survey needed.
CHINESE, HAKKA [HAK] 640,000 speakers (1982 CCCOWE); 34,000,000 in all countries (1995 WA). Sino-Tibetan, Chinese. Bible 1916. NT 1883-1993. Bible portions 1860-1995.
CHINESE, MANDARIN [CHN] 460,000 speakers (1982 CCCOWE); 885,000,000 in all countries. Scattered throughout Indonesia. Sino-Tibetan, Chinese. Of the five to six million ethnic Chinese in Indonesia (1979 CCCOWE; 5,500,000 in 1976 or 4% of total population according to United Nations), 65% (3,500,000 to 4,000,000) speak Indonesian in the home, 35% (2,000,000) speak 5 Chinese languages. Bible 1874-1983. NT 1857-1981. Bible portions 1864-1986.
CHINESE, MIN DONG [CDO] 20,000 in Indonesia (1982 CCCOWE). Mainly in China. Sino-Tibetan, Chinese. Dialect: XINGHUA (HSINGHUA). Bible 1884-1905. NT 1856. Bible portions 1852.
CHINESE, MIN NAN (MINNAN, MIN NAN) [CFR] 700,000 speakers in Indonesia (1982 CCCOWE); 49,000,000 in all countries (1991 WA). Sino-Tibetan, Chinese. Dialect: FUJIAN (HOKKIEN). Bible 1933. NT 1896-1974. Bible portions 1875-1916.
CHINESE, YUE (CANTONESE, YUE, YUEH) [YUH] 180,000 in Indonesia (1982 CCCOWE); 66,000,000 in all countries (1995 WA). Sino-Tibetan, Chinese. Bible 1894-1981. NT 1877, in press (1996). Bible portions 1862-1903.
INDONESIAN (BAHASA INDONESIA) [INZ] 17,000,000 to 30,000,000 mother tongue speakers (over 140,000,000 second language users with varying levels of speaking and reading proficiency; 1993 Moeliono and C. Grimes); 37,000 in Saudi Arabia (1993); 8,000 in Singapore (1993); 2,520 in USA (1975 govt. report); 10,000 in Netherlands. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sundic, Malayic, Malayan, Local Malay. Reported to be modeled on Riau Malay of northeast Sumatra. Has regional variants. Over 80% cognate with Standard Malay. Roman and Arabic scripts. National language. Muslim. Braille NT. Bible 1974-1985. NT 1968-1978. Bible portions 1955-1968.
INDONESIAN SIGN LANGUAGE [INL] (At least 2,000,000 deaf people; 1993). Deaf sign language. A blend of Malaysian Sign Language and indigenous signs. ASL is not used. 94 schools for the deaf use oral method of instruction. Survey needed.
JAVANESE (JAWA, DJAWA) [JAN] 75,200,000 in Indonesia; 42% of the population (1989) including 500,000 Banten, 2,500,000 Cirebon. About 25,000 in south Sulawesi; 300,000 in Sabah (1981); 800 in Singapore (1985); 7,500 in Netherlands; 75,500,800 in all countries. Central Java, eastern third of west Java, southwestern half of east Java. Also resettlements in Irian Jaya, Sulawesi, Maluku, Kalimantan, and Sumatra. Also in Sabah, Malaysia. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sundic, Javanese. Dialects: JAWA HALUS, CIREBON (TJIREBON, CHERIBON), TEGAL, INDRAMAYU, SOLO, TEMBUNG, PASISIR, SURABAYA, MALANG-PASURUAN, BANTEN, MANUK. West Javanese dialects: Banten, Cirebon, Tegal; central Javanese dialect: Solo in Yogyakarta; East Javanese dialects: Surabaya, Malang-Pasuruan. High Javanese (Jawa Halus) is the language of religion, but the number of people that can control that form is diminishing. The Javanese in Surinam and that in New Caledonia have changed sufficiently to be only partially intelligible with difficulty. Javanese in New Caledonia are reported to not be able to use High Javanese (Koentjaraninggrat). Traditional Javanese script. Typology: SVO. Muslim, Christian. Bible 1854-1994. NT 1829-1981. Bible portions 1852-1954.
KANGEAN [KKV] Eastern Madura area. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sundic, Madurese. 75% lexical similarity with Madura. Barely intelligible with East Madura. A separate language (Stevens 1968). Survey needed.
MADURA (MADURESE, MADHURA) [MHJ] 10,000,000 in all countries (19591 WA); 7% of the population (1987 UBS), including 70,000 Bawean. Island of Madura, Sapudi Islands, northern coastal area of eastern Java. Also in Singapore. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sundic, Madurese. Dialects: BAWEAN (BOYANESE), BANGKALAN, PAMEKESAN, SAMPANG, SAPUDI, SUMENEP. East Madurese, especially Sumenep, is considered 'standard Madurese'. There is a dialect continuum with no hard divisions. No difficulty in mutual comprehension among dialects. 75% lexical similarity with Kangean, and difficult intelligibility between them. Mainly rural. 40% literate. Muslim, Christian. Bible 1994. Bible portions 1890-1964.
OSING (BANYUWANGI) [OSI] 200,000 to 500,000 (1981 C. and B. Grimes SIL). East and northeast coast of east Java. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sundic, Javanese. Related to East Javanese. Have their own script, which is a modified Javanese script. Muslim. Survey needed.
SUNDA (SUNDANESE, PRIANGAN) [SUO] 27,000,000; 13.6% of the population (1990 Clynes). Western third of Java Island. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sundic, Sundanese. Dialects: BANTEN, BOGOR (KRAWANG), PRINGAN, CIREBON. Muslim, Christian, traditional religion. Bible 1891-1991. NT 1877-1978. Bible portions 1854-1895.
TENGGER (TENGGERESE) [TES] 500,000 (1989). East Java, on the slopes of Mt. Bromo up to the crater. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sundic, Javanese. Ethnically distinct. May be marginally intelligible with Javanese. 20% literate. Volcano slope. Vegetable growers. Hindu, Muslim, Christian. Survey needed.
Part of the Ethnologue, 13th Edition, Barbara F. Grimes, Editor.
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